Examination of Bottled Water for Nontuberculous Mycobacteria

The objective of this study was to examine bottled water for the presence of nontuberculous mycobacteria as a potential source of infection in AIDS patients. Twenty brands of bottled water commonly used in the Los Angeles area were tested for the presence of nontuberculous mycobacteria. The three brands most commonly used in the Los Angeles area were tested most frequently. Sixty-nine samples were filtered and the filters were treated using cetylpyridinium chloride, sodium hydroxide, or oxalic acid (or a combination of these) as decontaminants to remove background flora. An aliquot of each sample was untreated. The filters were placed on selective Middlebrook 7H10 agar plates containing 500 μg of cycloheximide per ml. Plates were examined at 3 and 8 weeks. No acid-fast organisms were found. Although no nontuberculous mycobacteria were observed in any samples tested, before recommending the use of bottled water as an alternative to tap water by high-risk patients, the possible presence of other contaminants must be considered.

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The Way of Laryngoscope Disinfection: A Survey of Practice in Various Hospitals and Clinics

Community Based Medical Journal ◽

10.3329/cbmj.v9i1.56765 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 4-10

Author(s):

Molla Md Rubaiat ◽

Kazi Ashkar Lateef ◽

Abdul Quader ◽

Husain Md Khurshid

Keyword(s):

Povidone Iodine ◽

Soap Solution ◽

Improve Patient Safety ◽

Tap Water ◽

National Level ◽

Chemical Agent ◽

Source Of Infection ◽

Potential Source ◽

Contact Data ◽

Improve Patient

Background and Aims: During general anaesthesia, laryngoscope is a common equipment for intubation used by anaesthesiologists. Laryngoscope has been identified as a potential source of cross infection. Though guidelines exist for appropriate disinfection practices, recent reviews suggested that current methods of disinfection areless effective and compliance is poor with the established protocols. We conducted a questionnaire-based survey to study the current disinfection practices being followed by a cross section of anaesthesiologists. Methods: A simple questionnaire containing 14 questions was distributed amongst anaesthesiologists through online as well as direct contact. Data were analyzed with percentage analysis. Results: Out of 150 anaesthesiologists, 120 submitted the completed questionnaires. Residents constituted 41% and 46% were consultants. Eighteen (12%) used only tap water for cleaning and 132 (88%) used a chemical agent after rinsing with water. Out of 132, 76 (51%) used detergent/soap solution, 29 (19%) would wash and then soak in disinfectant or germicidal agents (glutaraldehyde, povidone iodine and chlorhexidine) and 18 (12%) would wipe the blade with an alcohol swab. With respect to disinfection of laryngoscope handles, 70% respondents said they used an alcohol swab, 18% did not use any method, 9% were not aware of the method being used, while 3% did not respond. Conclusion: Our results indicate wide variation in methods of decontamination of laryngoscopes. Awareness regarding laryngoscope as a potential source of infection was high. We need to standardize and implement guidelines on a national level and make available resources which will help to improve patient safety. CBMJ 2020 January: Vol. 09 No. 01 P: 04-10

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Occurrence of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Environmental Samples

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.65.6.2492-2496.1999 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 65 (6) ◽

pp. 2492-2496 ◽

Cited By ~ 221

Author(s):

Terry C. Covert ◽

Mark R. Rodgers ◽

Antolin L. Reyes ◽

Gerard N. Stelma

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Membrane Filtration ◽

Nontuberculous Mycobacteria ◽

Pcr Amplification ◽

Culture Technique ◽

Bottled Water ◽

16S Rrna Sequence ◽

Source Of Infection ◽

Public Drinking Water ◽

Immunocompromised Hosts

ABSTRACT Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are a major cause of opportunistic infection in immunocompromised hosts. Because there is no evidence of person-to-person transmission and NTM have been found in drinking water, the environment is considered a likely source of infection. In this study the widespread occurrence of NTM was examined in drinking water, bottled water, and ice samples. A total of 139 samples were examined for NTM by a membrane filtration culture technique followed by PCR amplification and 16S rRNA sequence determination to identify the isolates. NTM were not detected in bottled water or cisterns but were detected in 54% of the ice samples and 35% of the public drinking-water samples from 21 states. The most frequently occurring isolate was M. mucogenicum (formerly referred to as an M. chelonae-like organism).

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Comparison of Large Restriction Fragments of Mycobacterium avium Isolates Recovered from AIDS and Non-AIDS Patients with Those of Isolates from Potable Water

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.37.4.1008-1012.1999 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 37 (4) ◽

pp. 1008-1012 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

T. Aronson ◽

A. Holtzman ◽

N. Glover ◽

M. Boian ◽

S. Froman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Los Angeles ◽

Mycobacterium Avium ◽

Potable Water ◽

Nontuberculous Mycobacteria ◽

Commercial Buildings ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Potential Threat ◽

Aids Patients ◽

Source Of Infection ◽

Close Relationship

We examined potable water in Los Angeles, California, as a possible source of infection in AIDS and non-AIDS patients. Nontuberculous mycobacteria were recovered from 12 (92%) of 13 reservoirs, 45 (82%) of 55 homes, 31 (100%) of 31 commercial buildings, and 15 (100%) of 15 hospitals. Large-restriction-fragment (LRF) pattern analyses were done with AseI. The LRF patterns of Mycobacterium avium isolates recovered from potable water in three homes, two commercial buildings, one reservoir, and eight hospitals had varying degrees of relatedness to 19 clinical isolates recovered from 17 patients. The high number of M. avium isolates recovered from hospital water and their close relationship with clinical isolates suggests the potential threat of nosocomial spread. This study supports the possibility that potable water is a source for the acquisition ofM. avium infections.

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Tap Water Avoidance Decreases Rates of Hospital-onset Pulmonary Nontuberculous Mycobacteria

Clinical Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/cid/ciaa1237 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Arthur W Baker ◽

Jason E Stout ◽

Deverick J Anderson ◽

Daniel J Sexton ◽

Becky Smith ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Risk ◽

Confidence Interval ◽

Incidence Rate ◽

Rate Ratio ◽

Incidence Rate Ratio ◽

Nontuberculous Mycobacteria ◽

Tap Water ◽

Protocol Implementation ◽

The Impact

Abstract We analyzed the impact of a hospital tap water avoidance protocol on respiratory isolation of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). After protocol implementation, hospital-onset episodes of respiratory NTM isolation on high-risk units decreased from 41.0 to 9.9 episodes per 10 000 patient-days (incidence rate ratio, 0.24; 95% confidence interval, .17–.34; P < .0001).

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