Background:Synovial fluid analysis using polarized microscopy is the gold standard for the diagnosis of crystal-related arthritis. In our experience, we have noted that, when calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) crystals are observed, they sometimes appear within intracellular vacuoles. However, this phenomenon is not seen in those samples containing monosodium urate (MSU) crystals. This finding has been scantly reported in the literature, but may be useful in clinical practice to ensure accurate crystal identification.Objectives:Our study aims to assess whether the presence of vacuoles contributes to identifying the type of crystal, and also to gauge the frequency of their presentation.Methods:We conducted an observational study in a rheumatology unit between February and June of 2019. Synovial fluids containing CPP or MSU crystals, obtained in daily clinical practice, were consecutively included for analysis. Two observers simultaneously analyzed the presence of vacuoles by ordinary light and phase contrast microscopy in less than 24 hours after their extraction, using a microscope equipped with two viewing stations. The primary study variable was to determine whether CPP and MSU crystals are seen inside intracellular vacuoles, and to calculate the frequency of this finding for each type of crystal, estimating their 95% confidence interval (95% CI) and comparing rates using Fisher’s exact test.Results:Twenty-one samples were obtained. Data is given in the Table. MSU crystals were present in 7 (33.3%) and CPP crystals in 14 (66.6%). Interestingly, none of the MSU samples showed crystal-containing vacuoles (95% CI 0-35.4%). On the contrary, cytoplasmic vacuoles containing crystals were present in all of the CPP samples (95% CI 78.5-100%). The findings were confirmed by phase-contrast microscopy. Differences were statistically significant (p<0.001).Table.SAMPLES ACCORDING TO TYPE OF MICROCRYSTAL(n=21)SAMPLES WITH VACUOLS(UNDER ORDINARY LIGHT)SAMPLES WITH VACUOLS(UNDER PHASE CONTRAST)CPP (14; 66.6%)14 (100%)(95%CI 78.5-100%)14 (100%)(95%CI 78.5-100%)MSU (7; 33.3%)0 (0%)(95%CI 0-35.4%)0 (0%)(95%CI 0-35.4%)Conclusion:The presence of vacuoles may be a useful and easy way to differentiate MSU and CPP crystals when performing synovial fluid microscopy in clinical practice, since it appears to be a distinctive feature in CPP crystal fluids.References:[1]Kohn NN, Hughes RE, McCarty DJ Jr, Faires JS. The significance of calcium phosphate crystals in the synovial fluid of arthritic patients: the «pseudogout syndrome». II. Identification of crystals. Ann InternMed. 1962 May;56:738-45.[2]Pascual E, Sivera F, Andrés M. Synovial Fluid Analysis for Crystals. CurrOpRheumatol 2011;23:161-169.[3]McCarty DJ, Koopman WJ. Arthritis and allied conditions: A textbook of rheumatology, volumen 1. Lea &Febiger. 1993.[4]Pascual E, Sivera F. Synovial fluid crystal Analysis. En Gout and other crystal arthropathies. Terkeltaub R ed. Elsevier; 2012: p.20-34.[5]Hwang HS, Yang CM, Park SJ, Kim HA. Monosodium Urate Crystal-Induced Chondrocyte Death via Autophagic Process. Int J Mol Sci. 2015 Dec 8;16(12):29265-77.Image 1. Microscopy with ordinary light. Cells with cytoplasmic vacuoles are observed, as well as abundant intra and extracellular CPP crystals.Image 2. Microscopy with phase contrast technique. Cells with intracellular vacuoles are observed inside which have microcrystals with parallelepiped morphology, compatible with CPP.Disclosure of Interests: :None declared
Heterogeneity of Times Required for Germination and Outgrowth from Single Spores of Nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum
