Controlling Listeria monocytogenes on Sliced Ham and Turkey Products Using Benzoate, Propionate, and Sorbate

2007 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 2306-2312 ◽  
Author(s):  
KATHLEEN A. GLASS ◽  
LINDSEY M. MCDONNELL ◽  
ROB C. RASSEL ◽  
KRISTINE L. ZIERKE
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Sodium Benzoate ◽  
Sodium Lactate ◽  
Product Type ◽  
Potassium Sorbate ◽  
Sodium Propionate ◽  
Significant Growth ◽  
Sodium Diacetate

The objective of this study was to identify concentrations of sorbate, benzoate, and propionate that prevent the growth of Listeria monocytogenes on sliced, cooked, uncured turkey breast and cured ham. Sixteen test formulations plus a control formulation for each product type were manufactured to include potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, or sodium propionate, used alone and combined (up to 0.3% [wt/wt]), or with sodium lactate–sodium diacetate combinations. Products were inoculated with L. monocytogenes (5 log CFU/100-g package) and stored at 4, 7, or 10°C for up to 12 weeks, and triplicate samples per treatment were assayed biweekly by plating on modified Oxford agar. Data showed that 0.1% benzoate, 0.2% propionate, 0.3% sorbate, or a combination of 1.6% lactate with 0.1% diacetate prevented the growth of L. monocytogenes on ham stored at 4°C for 12 weeks, compared with greater than a 1-log increase at 4 weeks for the control ham without antimicrobials. When no nitrite was included in the formulation, 0.2% propionate used alone, a combination of 0.1% propionate with 0.1% sorbate, or a combination of 3.2% lactate with 0.2% diacetate was required to prevent listerial growth on the product stored at 4°C for 12 weeks. Inhibition was less pronounced when formulations were stored at abuse temperatures. When stored at 7°C, select treatments delayed listerial growth for 4 weeks but supported significant growth at 8 weeks. All treatments supported more than a 1-log increase in listerial populations when stored at 10°C for 4 weeks. These results verify that antimycotic agents inhibit the growth of L. monocytogenes on ready-to-eat meats but are more effective when used in combination with nitrite.

Control of Listeria monocytogenes on Turkey Frankfurters by Generally-Recognized-as-Safe Preservatives

2002 ◽  
Vol 65 (9) ◽  
pp. 1411-1416 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAHBUB ISLAM ◽  
JINRU CHEN ◽  
MICHAEL P. DOYLE ◽  
MANJEET CHINNAN
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Sodium Benzoate ◽  
Potassium Sorbate ◽  
Sodium Propionate ◽  
Sodium Diacetate

Generally-recognized-as-safe chemicals applied to the surfaces of turkey frankfurters were evaluated for their ability to reduce populations of or inhibit the growth of Listeria monocytogenes. Frankfurters were treated prior to inoculation by dipping for 1 min in a solution of one of four preservatives (sodium benzoate, sodium propionate, potassium sorbate, and sodium diacetate) at three different concentrations (15, 20, and 25% [wt/vol]), with <0.3% of the preservative being present for each frankfurter. Subsequently, 0.1 ml of a five-strain mixture of L. monocytogenes (106 CFU/ml) was used to surface inoculate each frankfurter separately in a sterile stomacher bag. Inoculated frankfurter bags were held at 4, 13, and 22°C, and L. monocytogenes cells were enumerated at 0, 3, 7, 10, and 14 days of storage. The results of this study revealed that at all three concentrations of all four preservatives, the initial populations of L. monocytogenes decreased immediately by 1 to 2 log10 CFU/g. After 14 days of storage at 4°C, L. monocytogenes counts for all treated frankfurters were 3 to 4 log10 CFU/g less than those for the untreated frankfurters. After 14 days of storage at 13°C, L. monocytogenes counts for frankfurters treated with 25% sodium benzoate or 25% sodium diacetate were 3.5 to 4.5 log10 CFU/g less than those for untreated frankfurters, and those for frankfurters treated with 25% sodium propionate or 25% potassium sorbate were 2.5 log10 CFU/g less than those for untreated frankfurters. In all instances, the degree of growth inhibition was directly proportional to the concentration of the preservative. Only frankfurters treated with 25% sodium diacetate or sodium benzoate were significantly inhibitory to L. monocytogenes when held at 22°C for 7 days or longer. Interestingly, the untreated frankfurters held at 22°C were spoiled within 7 days, with copious slime formation, whereas there was no evidence of slime on any treated frankfurters after 14 days of storage.

Effect of Selected Generally Recognized as Safe Preservative Sprays on Growth of Listeria monocytogenes on Chicken Luncheon Meat

2002 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 794-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAHBUB ISLAM ◽  
JINRU CHEN ◽  
MICHAEL P. DOYLE ◽  
MANJEET CHINNAN
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Sodium Benzoate ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Potassium Sorbate ◽  
Sodium Propionate ◽  
Luncheon Meat ◽  
Chemical Preservatives ◽  
Sodium Diacetate

The ability of selected generally recognized as safe (GRAS) chemical preservatives to reduce populations or inhibit growth of Listeria monocytogenes on chicken luncheon meat was evaluated. Slices of luncheon meat were treated by evenly spraying onto their surfaces 0.2 ml of a solution of one of four preservatives (sodium benzoate, sodium propionate, potassium sorbate, and sodium diacetate) at one of three different concentrations (15, 20, or 25% [wt/vol]). Each slice was then surface inoculated with a five-strain mixture of 105 CFU of L. monocytogenes per ml, held at 4, 13, or 22°C, and assayed for L. monocytogenes immediately after inoculation and at 3, 7, 10, and 14 days of storage. Initial reductions of L. monocytogenes populations ranged from 0.78 to 1.32 log10 CFU g−1 at day 0 for sodium benzoate– or sodium diacetate–treated meat, whereas reductions for the sodium propionate or potassium sorbate treatments were only 0.14 to 0.36 log10 CFU g−1. After 14 days of storage at 4°C, L. monocytogenes populations on all treated slices were 1.5 to 3 log10 CFU g−1 less than on the untreated slices. At 13°C and after 14 days of storage, L. monocytogenes populations were 3.5 and 5.2 log10 CFU g−1 less on luncheon meat slices treated with 25% sodium benzoate or 25% sodium diacetate, respectively, and ca. 2 log10 CFU g−1 less when treated with 25% sodium propionate or 25% potassium sorbate than on untreated control slices. Only sodium diacetate was highly inhibitory to L. monocytogenes on meat slices held at 22°C for 7 days or longer. Untreated luncheon meat held at 22°C was visibly spoiled within 10 days, whereas there was no evidence of visible spoilage on any treated luncheon meat at 14 days of storage.

Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes in Turkey and Pork-Beef Bologna by Combinations of Sorbate, Benzoate, and Propionate

2007 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 214-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
KATHLEEN GLASS ◽  
DAWN PRESTON ◽  
JEFFREY VEESENMEYER
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Sodium Benzoate ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Potassium Sorbate ◽  
Internal Temperature ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Sodium Propionate ◽  
Low Concentrations

The control of Listeria monocytogenes was evaluated with ready-to-eat uncured turkey and cured pork-beef bologna with combinations of benzoate, propionate, and sorbate. Three treatments of each product type were formulated to include control with no antimycotic agents; a combination of 0.05% sodium benzoate and 0.05% sodium propionate; and a combination of 0.05% sodium benzoate and 0.05% potassium sorbate. Ingredients were mixed, stuffed into fibrous, moisture-impermeable casings, cooked to an internal temperature of 73.9°C, chilled, and sliced. The final product was surface inoculated with L. monocytogenes (4 log CFU per package), vacuum packaged, and stored at 4°C for 13 weeks. The antimycotic addition to the second and third uncured turkey treatments initially slowed the pathogen growth rate compared with the control, but populations of L. monocytogenes increased 5 log or more by 6 weeks. In contrast, the addition of antimycotic combinations in the cured bologna prevented growth of L. monocytogenes during the 13-week storage period at 4°C, compared with a more than 3.5-log increase in listerial populations in the control bologna, to which no antimicrobial agents had been added. These data suggest that low concentrations of antimycotic agents can prevent L. monocytogenes growth in certain ready-to-eat meats. Additional research is needed to define the levels needed to prevent growth of L. monocytogenes in high-moisture cured and uncured ready-to-eat meat and poultry and for gaining governmental approval for their use in such formulations.

Organic Acids and Their Salts as Dipping Solutions To Control Listeria monocytogenes Inoculated following Processing of Sliced Pork Bologna Stored at 4°C in Vacuum Packages

2001 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 1722-1729 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN SAMELIS ◽  
JOHN N. SOFOS ◽  
MINDY L. KAIN ◽  
JOHN A. SCANGA ◽  
KEITH E. BELK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Safety Issue ◽  
Sodium Lactate ◽  
Commercial Application ◽  
Potassium Sorbate ◽  
Cured Meats ◽  
Potassium Benzoate ◽  
Sodium Diacetate

Postprocessing contamination of cured meats with Listeria monocytogenes has become a major concern for the meat processing industry and an important food safety issue. This study evaluated aqueous dipping solutions of organic acids (2.5 or 5% lactic or acetic acid) or salts (2.5 or 5% sodium acetate or sodium diacetate, 5 or 10% sodium lactate, 5% potassium sorbate or potassium benzoate) to control L. monocytogenes on sliced, vacuum-packaged bologna stored at 4°C for up to 120 days. Organic acids and salts were applied by immersing (1 min) in each solution inoculated (102 to 103 CFU/cm2) slices of bologna before vacuum packaging. Growth of L. monocytogenes (PALCAM agar) on inoculated bologna slices without treatment exceeded 7 log CFU/cm2 (P < 0.05) at 20 days of storage. No significant (P > 0.05) increase in L. monocytogenes populations occurred on bologna slices treated with 2.5 or 5% acetic acid, 5% sodium diacetate, or 5% potassium benzoate from day 0 to 120. Products treated with 5% potassium sorbate and 5% lactic acid were stored for 50 and 90 days, respectively, before a significant (P < 0.05) increase in L. monocytogenes occurred. All other treatments permitted growth of the pathogen at earlier days of storage, with sodium lactate (5 or 10%) permitting growth within 20 to 35 days. Extent of bacterial growth on trypticase soy agar plus 0.6% yeast extract (TSAYE) was similar to that on PALCAM, indicating that the major part of total bacteria grown on TSAYE agar plates incubated at 30°C was L. monocytogenes. Further studies are needed to evaluate organic acids and salts as dipping solutions at abusive temperatures of retail storage, to optimize their concentrations in terms of product sensory quality, and to evaluate their effects against various other types of microorganisms and on product shelf life. In addition, technologies for the commercial application of postprocessing antimicrobial solutions in meat plants need to be developed.

Control of Listeria monocytogenes with Combined Antimicrobials after Postprocess Contamination and Extended Storage of Frankfurters at 4° C in Vacuum Packages

2002 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN SAMELIS ◽  
GERARD K. BEDIE ◽  
JOHN N. SOFOS ◽  
KEITH E. BELK ◽  
JOHN A. SCANGA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
Sensory Quality ◽  
Sodium Lactate ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
C Storage ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Cured Meat ◽  
Sodium Diacetate

Contamination of ready-to-eat foods, such as frankfurters, with Listeria monocytogenes, is a major concern that needs to be addressed in order to enhance the safety of these products. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of combinations of antimicrobials included in the formulation of frankfurters against L. monocytogenes inoculated (103 to 104 CFU/cm2) on their surface after peeling and before vacuum packaging. In addition, the antilisterial effect of immersing the packaged products, prepared with or without antimicrobials, in hot (75 or 80°C) water for 30 to 90 s was evaluated. Samples were stored at 4°C for up to 120 days and periodically analyzed for pH and for microbial growth on tryptic soy agar plus 0.6% yeast extract (TSAYE) and PALCAM agar. Sodium lactate (1.8%; 3% of a 60% commercial solution) used alone inhibited growth of L. monocytogenes for 35 to 50 days, whereas when used in combination with 0.25% sodium acetate, sodium diacetate, or glucono-δ-lactone (GDL), sodium lactate inhibited growth throughout storage (120 days). Immersing packaged frankfurters in hot water (80°C, 60 s) reduced inoculated populations of L. monocytogenes by 0.4 to 0.9 log CFU/cm2 and reduced its growth by 1.1 to 1.4 log CFU/cm2 at 50 to 70 days of storage in samples containing 1.8% sodium lactate alone. However, immersion of frankfurters containing no antimicrobials in hot water (75 or 80°C) did not inhibit growth of the pathogen for more than 10 to 20 days, unless one frankfurter was placed per bag and heat treated for 90 s. These results indicate that the inclusion of 1.8% sodium lactate with 0.25% sodium acetate, sodium diacetate, or GDL in cured meat formulations may control L. monocytogenes growth during refrigerated (4°C) storage. Additional studies are required to evaluate the effects of these combinations at abusive temperatures of storage, as well as on additional processed meat formulations and on the sensory quality and shelf life of products.

Fate of Listeria monocytogenes Inoculated onto the Surface of Model Turkey Frankfurter Pieces Treated with Zein Coatings Containing Nisin, Sodium Diacetate, and Sodium Lactate at 4°C

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 855-859 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. LUNGU ◽  
M. G. JOHNSON
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Sodium Lactate ◽  
Antimicrobial Effects ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Sodium Diacetate

The antimicrobial effects of zein coatings containing nisin, sodium lactate, and sodium diacetate against Listeria monocytogenes on turkey frankfurters at 4°C were determined. Our objectives were to determine whether zein, nisin, lactate, and diacetate alone or in combination could control the growth of L. monocytogenes on full-fat turkey frankfurters at 4°C and to determine whether lactate or diacetate had any synergistic effect on the activity of nisin. Turkey frankfurter pieces surface inoculated with L. monocytogenes strain V7 were treated with zein-ethanol-glycerol (ZEG), zein-propylene-glycol (ZPR), ethanol-glycerol (EG), propylene glycol (PR), nisin (N), sodium lactate (L), or sodium diacetate (D) alone or in combination. Over 28 days, treatment with N or D alone reduced L. monocytogenes counts on frankfurters by 6.6 or 6.3 log CFU/g, respectively. N-D treatment reduced L. monocytogenes by 6 log CFU/g. The zein solvents EG and PR reduced L. monocytogenes by about 5.6 and 5.2 log CFU/g, respectively, similar to the results obtained with ZEG and ZPR, which suggests that zein powder per se had no antimicrobial activity. After 28 days, ZEG-N-D, ZEG-N-D-L, ZPR-N-D, and ZPR-N-D-L yielded no detectable CFU. L alone was ineffective. No synergies were observed. N and D when used singly and the combinations of N-D, ZEG-N-D, ZEG-N-D-L, ZPR-N-D, ZPR-N-D-L, EG, and PR were effective as inhibitors of the growth of recontaminating L. monocytogenes cells on full-fat turkey frankfurters.

Control of Listeria monocytogenes with Combined Antimicrobials on Beef Franks Stored at 4°C

2004 ◽  
Vol 67 (10) ◽  
pp. 2296-2301 ◽  
Author(s):  
MILAGROS UHART ◽  
SADHANA RAVISHANKAR ◽  
NICOLE D. MAKS
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Safety Issue ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Sodium Lactate ◽  
Meat Processing ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Sodium Diacetate ◽  
Packaged Beef ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatments

Contamination of ready-to-eat meat products such as beef franks with Listeria monocytogenes has become a major concern for the meat processing industry and an important food safety issue. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of combinations of antimicrobials as aqueous dipping solutions to control L. monocytogenes on vacuum-packaged beef franks stored at 4°C for 3 weeks. Commercial beef franks were dipped for 5 min in three antimicrobial solutions: pediocin (6,000 AU), 3% sodium diacetate and 6% sodium lactate combined, and a combination of the three antimicrobials. Samples were then inoculated with 107 CFU/g of either four L. monocytogenes strains individually or a cocktail of the four strains, vacuum packaged, and stored at 4°C for 3 weeks. Sampling was carried out at day 0 and after 2 and 3 weeks of storage. Individual strains, as well as the cocktail, exhibited different responses to the antimicrobial treatments. After 2 and 3 weeks of storage at 4°C, pediocin-treated beef franks showed a less than 1-log reduction for all bacterial strains. Samples treated with the sodium diacetate–sodium lactate combination showed about a 1-log reduction after 2 weeks of storage for all strains and between a 1- and 2-log reduction after 3 weeks of storage, depending on the bacterial strain. When the three antimicrobials were combined, reductions ranged between 1 and 1.5 log units and 1.5 to 2.5 log units after 2 and 3 weeks of storage, respectively, at 4°C. These results indicate that the use of combined antimicrobial solutions for dipping treatments is more effective at inhibiting L. monocytogenes than treatments using antimicrobials such as pediocin separately.

Antimicrobials in the Formulation To Control Listeria monocytogenes Postprocessing Contamination on Frankfurters Stored at 4°C in Vacuum Packages

2001 ◽  
Vol 64 (12) ◽  
pp. 1949-1955 ◽  
Author(s):  
GERARD K. BEDIE ◽  
JOHN SAMELIS ◽  
JOHN N. SOFOS ◽  
KEITH E. BELK ◽  
JOHN A. SCANGA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Sodium Lactate ◽  
Pure Substance ◽  
Product Packaging ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
C Storage ◽  
Control Growth ◽  
Sodium Diacetate

Postprocessing contamination of cured meat products with Listeria monocytogenes during slicing and packaging is difficult to avoid, and thus, hurdles are needed to control growth of the pathogen during product storage. This study evaluated the influence of antimicrobials, included in frankfurter formulations, on L. monocytogenes populations during refrigerated (4°C) storage of product inoculated (103 to 104 CFU/cm2) after peeling of casings and before vacuum packaging. Frankfurters were prepared to contain (wt/wt) sodium lactate (3 or 6%, as pure substance of a liquid, 60% wt/wt, commercial product), sodium acetate (0.25 or 0.5%), or sodium diacetate (0.25 or 0.5%). L. monocytogenes populations (PALCAM agar and Trypticase soy agar plus 0.6% yeast extract [TSAYE]) exceeded 106 CFU/cm2 in inoculated controls at 20 days of storage. Sodium lactate at 6% and sodium diacetate at 0.5% were bacteriostatic, or even bactericidal, throughout storage (120 days). At 3%, sodium lactate prevented pathogen growth for at least 70 days, while, in decreasing order of effectiveness, sodium diacetate at 0.25% and sodium acetate at 0.5 and 0.25% inhibited growth for 20 to 50 days. Antimicrobials had no effect on product pH, except for sodium diacetate at 0.5%, which reduced the initial pH by approximately 0.4 U. These results indicate that concentrations of sodium acetate currently permitted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Food Safety and Inspection Service (USDA-FSIS) (0.25%) or higher (0.5%) may control growth of L. monocytogenes for approximately 30 days, while currently permitted levels of sodium lactate (3%) and sodium diacetate (0.25%) may be inhibitory for 70 and 35 to 50 days, respectively. Moreover, levels of sodium lactate (6%) or sodium diacetate (0.5%) higher than those presently permitted by the USDA-FSIS may provide complete control at 4°C of growth (120 days) of L. monocytogenes introduced on the surface of frankfurters during product packaging.

Effect of Preservatives on Shiga Toxigenic Phages and Shiga Toxin of Escherichia coli O157:H7

2012 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 959-965 ◽  
Author(s):  
TOMÁS SUBILS ◽  
VIRGINIA AQUILI ◽  
GUILLERMO EBNER ◽  
CLAUDIA BALAGUÉ
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Sodium Benzoate ◽  
Vero Cells ◽  
Lytic Activity ◽  
Potassium Sorbate ◽  
Lambda Phage ◽  
Sodium Propionate ◽  
Food Preservatives ◽  
Shiga Toxins

Toxin synthesis by Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC) appears to be coregulated through the induction of the integrated bacteriophages that encode the toxin genes. These phages might be the principal means for the dissemination and release of Shiga toxins. We evaluated the effect of three common food preservatives, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, and sodium propionate, on the propagation of the phages and Shiga toxins. We tested each preservative at four concentrations, 1, 1.25, 2.5, and 5 mg/ml, both on free phages and on lysogenic phages in bacteria. We also evaluated the expression of a lambdoid phage, which was exposed to increasing concentrations of preservatives, by measuring β-galactosidase activity from SPC105, a transductant strain. Furthermore, we tested the effect of the preservatives on cytotoxigenic activity of Shiga toxin on Vero cells. We detected an increase of the inhibitory effect of the phage lytic activity, both in lysogenic and free phages, as the preservative concentration increased. However, the inhibition was higher on the lysogenic phages release than on free phages. Sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate were about equal at inhibiting phages; they were more effective than sodium propionate. A significant decrease of lacZ expression, encoded in a lambda phage, was observed. We also found a reduction in Shiga toxin titer caused by exposure of E. coli O157:H7 to 5 mg/ml sodium benzoate or potassium sorbate. These results imply that these three preservatives, used to inhibit microbial spoilage of foods, also act to inhibit lytic activity and dispersion of a phage carrying the gene encoding powerful Shiga cytotoxins. Also notable was the inactivation of Shiga toxin activity, although this effect was detected using concentrations of preservatives greater than those allowed by the Argentine Food Code.

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