Risk Associated with Transportation and Lairage on Hide Contamination with Salmonella enterica in Finished Beef Cattle at Slaughter

2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (11) ◽  
pp. 2228-2232 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. DEWELL ◽  
C. A. SIMPSON ◽  
R. D. DEWELL ◽  
D. R. HYATT ◽  
K. E. BELK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Poisson Regression ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Poisson Regression Model ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Culture Negative

Transportation of cattle to the slaughter plant could influence hide contamination with Salmonella enterica. Fecal and hide samples were obtained from 40 lots of cattle at the feedlot and again at the slaughter plant. Potential risk factors for hide contamination were evaluated. A multilevel Poisson regression model was used to determine whether transportation and lairage were associated with hide contamination by Salmonella. Cattle with hide samples positive for Salmonella at the feedlot had twice the risk of having positive slaughter hide samples compared with cattle without positive feedlot hide samples (relative risk [RR], 1.9). Cattle transported in trailers from which samples positive for Salmonella were collected had twice the risk of having positive slaughter hide samples compared with cattle transported in culture-negative trailers (RR, 2.3). Cattle transported for long distances had twice the risk of having positive hide samples at slaughter compared with cattle transported shorter distances (RR, 2.3). Cattle held in lairage pens contaminated with feces had twice the risk of having positive slaughter hide samples compared with cattle held in clean pens (RR, 1.8). Cattle held off feed longer than 18 h before loading had twice the risk of having positive slaughter hide samples compared with cattle held off feed for shorter times (RR, 1.7). Cattle that were agitated during loading had twice the risk of having positive slaughter hide samples compared with cattle that were calm (RR, 2.2). These findings suggest that variables associated with transportation and lairage can impact the presence of Salmonella on the hides of cattle at slaughter.

Impact of Transportation and Lairage on Hide Contamination with Escherichia coli O157 in Finished Beef Cattle

2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 1114-1118 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. DEWELL ◽  
C. A. SIMPSON ◽  
R. D. DEWELL ◽  
D. R. HYATT ◽  
K. E. BELK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Poisson Regression Model ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Culture Negative

Transportation of cattle from the feedlot to the slaughter plant could influence hide contamination of Escherichia coli O157. A study was initiated to investigate the influence of transportation and lairage on shedding and hide contamination of E. coli O157. Fecal and hide samples were obtained from 40 pens of harvest-ready beef cattle at the feedlot prior to transport and again at the slaughter plant immediately after slaughter. Potential risk factors for hide contamination at the feedlot, during transport, and at slaughter were evaluated. A multilevel Poisson regression model was used to evaluate if transportation and lairage were associated with hide contamination by E. coli O157 in finished beef cattle. Lots of cattle held in E. coli O157–positive lairage pens had eight times greater risk of having positive slaughter hide samples compared with cattle held in culture-negative pens (relative risk, 8.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.6 to 38.8). Lots of cattle that were held in lairage pens contaminated with feces had three times greater risk for positive slaughter hide samples compared with cattle held in clean pens (relative risk, 3.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 7.9). Lots of cattle that were transported for long distances (>160.9 km) had twice the risk of having positive hide samples at slaughter compared with cattle transported a shorter distance (relative risk, 2.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.1 to 5.1). These findings suggest that transportation and lairage should be considered in E. coli O157 control strategies.

Both microbiological surveillance and audit of procedures improve reprocessing of flexible bronchoscopes and patient safety

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Philippe Saliou ◽  
Lila Calmettes ◽  
Hervé Le Bars ◽  
Christopher Payan ◽  
Valérie Narbonne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Quality Control ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Poisson Regression ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Poisson Regression Model ◽  
Microbiological Contamination ◽  
Quality Control Measure ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Microbiological Surveillance

Abstract Background: Microbiological surveillance of bronchoscopes and automatic endoscope reprocessors (AERs)/washer disinfectors as a quality control measure is controversial. Experts also are divided on the infection risks associated with bronchoscopic procedures. Objective: We evaluated the impact of routine microbiological surveillance and audits of cleaning/disinfection practices on contamination rates of reprocessed bronchoscopes. Design: Audits were conducted of reprocessing procedures and microbiological surveillance on all flexible bronchoscopes used from January 2007 to June 2020 at a teaching hospital in France. Contamination rates per year were calculated and analyzed using a Poisson regression model. The risk factors for microbiological contamination were analyzed using a multivariable logistical regression model. Results: In total, 478 microbiological tests were conducted on 91 different bronchoscopes and 57 on AERs. The rate of bronchoscope contamination significantly decreased between 2007 and 2020, varying from 30.2 to 0% (P < .0001). Multivariate analysis confirmed that retesting after a previous contaminated test was significantly associated with higher risk of bronchoscope contamination (OR, 2.58; P = .015). This finding was explained by the persistence of microorganisms in bronchoscopes despite repeated disinfections. However, the risk of persistent contamination was not associated with the age of the bronchoscope. Conclusions: Our results confirm that bronchoscopes can remain contaminated despite repeated reprocessing. Routine microbial testing of bronchoscopes for quality assurance and audit of decontamination and disinfection procedures can improve the reprocessing of bronchoscopes and minimize the rate of persistent contamination.

scholarly journals Exploring potential risk factors of antimicrobial use in beef cattle

animal ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 100091
Author(s):  
A. Diana ◽  
M. Penasa ◽  
M. Santinello ◽  
F. Scali ◽  
E. Magni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Potential Risk Factors

Abstract 008: Machine Learning For Sudden Cardiac Death Prediction: The Artherosclerosis Risk In Communities Study

Circulation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 143 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Yu ◽  
Shannon Wongvibulsin ◽  
Linda Zhou ◽  
Kunihiro Matsushita ◽  
Pradeep Natarajan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Poisson Regression ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Learning Approach ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Poisson Regression Model ◽  
Machine Learning Approach

Introduction: Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is the leading cause of death in the US and has significant public health impact. However, effective risk stratification for SCD remains lacking as current prediction models do not address the dynamic impact of time-varying risk factors including interim clinical events on SCD risk. Hypothesis: A recently developed machine learning approach that uses time-dependent variables and incorporate complex interactions between risk factors, Random Forest for Survival, Longitudinal, and Multivariate Data (RF-SLAM), will be able to improve SCD risk prediction. Methods: ARIC study participants were followed for adjudicated SCD. RF-SLAM partitions the information for each individual into multiple units (analogous to risk sets) and uses Poisson regression log-likelihood as the split statistic thus allowing for modeling time-varying variables. It was compared to a Poisson regression model with stepwise selection to predict SCD. Time-varying variables collected at four visits were used as candidate predictors for both prediction models, including demographics and clinical characteristics, anthropometric variables, lifestyle factors, cardiac risk factors, medication, laboratory values and biomarkers, electrophysiologic variables, and other cardiac functional indices. Predictive accuracy was assessed by area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) through out-of-bag prediction for RF-SLAM model and 10-fold cross validation for Poisson regression model. Results: Over 25 years follow-up, 590 SCD events occurred among 15792 ARIC participants mean age 54 years (55% women). Compared to Poisson regression (cross-validated mean AUC 0.75), RF-SLAM model improved prediction (mean AUC 0.83). RF-SLAM model identified prior coronary heart disease (CHD) as the top predictor for SCD. Other predictors selected by RF-SLAM included clinical characteristics (diabetes, prior myocardial infarction, prior stroke, and prior heart failure), electrophysiologic variables (T wave abnormality in any of leads I, aVL, and V6, and ST junction & segment depression in any of leads I, aVL, or V6), medication (anti-hypertensive medications and anti-diabetic medications), biomarkers (N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, troponin T, troponin I, and creatinine), subclinical atherosclerotic indices (carotid intima-media thickness), as well as race, sex and visit. Using the 17 predictors selected by RF-SLAM model to fit a Poisson regression model, a generalized linear model, resulted in a mean AUC of 0.73, suggesting that the interactions captured by random forest improve prediction performance. Conclusions: Applying a novel machine-learning approach with time-varying predictors improves the prediction of SCD. Clinical characteristics, especially prior CHD, are important for predicting SCD in the general population.

scholarly journals Isolated and synergistic effects of PM10 and average temperature on cardiovascular and respiratory mortality

2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 881-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samya de Lara Lins de Araujo Pinheiro ◽  
Paulo Hilário Nascimento Saldiva ◽  
Joel Schwartz ◽  
Antonella Zanobetti
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Poisson Regression ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Poisson Regression Model ◽  
Respiratory Mortality ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Case Crossover ◽  
Crossover Analysis

OBJECTIVE To analyze the effect of air pollution and temperature on mortality due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. METHODS We evaluated the isolated and synergistic effects of temperature and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 10 µm (PM10) on the mortality of individuals > 40 years old due to cardiovascular disease and that of individuals > 60 years old due to respiratory diseases in Sao Paulo, SP, Southeastern Brazil, between 1998 and 2008. Three methodologies were used to evaluate the isolated association: time-series analysis using Poisson regression model, bidirectional case-crossover analysis matched by period, and case-crossover analysis matched by the confounding factor, i.e., average temperature or pollutant concentration. The graphical representation of the response surface, generated by the interaction term between these factors added to the Poisson regression model, was interpreted to evaluate the synergistic effect of the risk factors. RESULTS No differences were observed between the results of the case-crossover and time-series analyses. The percentage change in the relative risk of cardiovascular and respiratory mortality was 0.85% (0.45;1.25) and 1.60% (0.74;2.46), respectively, due to an increase of 10 μg/m3 in the PM10 concentration. The pattern of correlation of the temperature with cardiovascular mortality was U-shaped and that with respiratory mortality was J-shaped, indicating an increased relative risk at high temperatures. The values for the interaction term indicated a higher relative risk for cardiovascular and respiratory mortalities at low temperatures and high temperatures, respectively, when the pollution levels reached approximately 60 μg/m3. CONCLUSIONS The positive association standardized in the Poisson regression model for pollutant concentration is not confounded by temperature, and the effect of temperature is not confounded by the pollutant levels in the time-series analysis. The simultaneous exposure to different levels of environmental factors can create synergistic effects that are as disturbing as those caused by extreme concentrations.

scholarly journals Injection-site lesion prevalence and potential risk factors in UK beef cattle

2016 ◽  
Vol 180 (3) ◽  
pp. 70-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Cresswell ◽  
J. Remnant ◽  
A. Butterworth ◽  
W. Wapenaar
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Injection Site ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Potential Risk Factors

Premature Arterial Disease Associated with Familial Antithrombin III Deficiency

1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (01) ◽  
pp. 013-015 ◽  
Author(s):  
E J Johnson ◽  
C R M Prentice ◽  
L A Parapia
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Venous Thromboembolism ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Antithrombin Iii ◽  
Arterial Disease ◽  
Coagulation System ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Arterial Thromboembolism ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Antithrombin Iii Deficiency

SummaryAntithrombin III (ATIII) deficiency is one of the few known abnormalities of the coagulation system known to predispose to venous thromboembolism but its relation to arterial disease is not established. We describe two related patients with this disorder, both of whom suffered arterial thrombotic events, at an early age. Both patients had other potential risk factors, though these would normally be considered unlikely to lead to such catastrophic events at such an age. Thrombosis due to ATIII deficiency is potentially preventable, and this diagnosis should be sought more frequently in patients with arterial thromboembolism, particularly if occurring at a young age. In addition, in patients with known ATIII deficiency, other risk factors for arterial disease should be eliminated, if possible. In particular, these patients should be counselled against smoking.

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