Bacillus anthracis Spore Decontamination in Food Grease

2013 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 699-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
KINGSLEY K. AMOAKO ◽  
KRISTINA SANTIAGO-MATEO ◽  
MICHAEL J. SHIELDS ◽  
ELIZABETH ROHONCZY
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Bacillus Anthracis ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Surface Decontamination

Bacillus anthracis Sterne strain spores were analyzed for their resistance against five disinfectants: commercial sodium hypochlorite, Spor-Klenz Ready-to-Use Cold Sterilant, Accelerated Hydrogen Peroxide (AHP), Virkon, and Surface Decontamination Foam (SDF). The aim of this study was to find an effective disinfectant that would reduce the viability of B. anthracis Sterne spores at ≥6 log in the presence of variables such as animal grease and fat, stainless steel, and temperature (room temperature and 4°C). SDF and 10%sodium hypochlorite consistently reduced the growth of viable B. anthracis Sterne spores after 5 min in the presence of stainless steel at room temperature. It took at least 10 min of contact time for AHP to consistently reduce spore growth by ≥6 log, while it took at least 20 min for 5% bleach and Spor-Klenz to consistently inactivate ≥6 log spores in the presence of stainless steel at room temperature. AHP was the only disinfectant that reduced the viability of B. anthracis Sterne spores at ≥6 log in the presence of stainless steel and animal grease, both at room temperature and 4°C after 24 h of contact time.

Inactivation ofBacillusspores in decontamination wash down wastewater using chlorine bleach solution

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-47
Author(s):  
Nur Muhammad ◽  
Vicente J. Gallardo ◽  
Donald A. Schupp ◽  
E. Radha Krishnan ◽  
K. Scott Minamyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Anthracis ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Bacillus Atrophaeus ◽  
National Response ◽  
Bacillus Anthracis Spores ◽  
Response Team ◽  
Bacillus Spores ◽  
Chlorine Bleach

Bacillus anthracis spores are highly resistant to disinfection. The effectiveness of sodium hypochlorite (bleach) solution for the inactivation of Bacillus atrophaeus subspecies globigii spores (a surrogate for Bacillus anthracis) in wash down wastewater was evaluated by a series of bench-scale and pilot-scale experiments. The wastewater was generated from a simulated decontamination of interior laboratory surfaces and personal protective equipment. A concentration of approximately 5% (v/v) bleach solution was adequate for a ≥7 log10inactivation of Bacillus spores spiked in wastewater after 10 min of contact time at room temperature. This sodium hypochlorite dose is less than the U.S. National Response Team-recommended formulation of 10% (v/v) bleach solution with 10% (v/v) vinegar. For the wash down waters evaluated, the addition of vinegar was not required. Inactivation of Bacillus spores was faster when a detergent was added to the wash down waters tested.

scholarly journals Kennel Disinfectants forMicrosporum canisandTrichophytonsp.

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen A. Moriello
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Growth Control ◽  
Calcium Hypochlorite ◽  
Good Efficacy ◽  
Antifungal Efficacy ◽  
Potassium Peroxymonosulfate

The antifungal efficacy of commonly used kennel disinfectants for large surfaces was tested using naturally infective material from untreated animals (M. canisandTrichophytonsp.) soaked and macerated but unfiltered leaving visible fluorescing hairs and/or scales in the test inoculum to create a robust challenge. Disinfectants included sodium hypochlorite (1 : 32 and 1 : 100), enilconazole (1 : 100), accelerated hydrogen peroxide (1 : 16), potassium peroxymonosulfate (1% and 2%), and calcium hypochlorite “dry bleach.” Disinfectants were tested at a 1 : 10, 1 : 5, and 1 : 1 dilution of test inoculum to disinfectant with a 10 min contact time. Good efficacy was defined as a disinfectant resulting in no growth. Control plates grew >300 colonies of each pathogen per plate. Enilconazole, sodium hypochlorite (all dilutions), accelerated hydrogen peroxide, and 2% potassium peroxymonosulfate (but not 1%) inhibited all growth of both pathogens at 1 : 10, 1 : 5, and 1 : 1 dilutions. Calcium hypochlorite showed no antifungal efficacy (>300 colonies per plate). Enilconazole (1 : 100), sodium hypochlorite (1 : 32 or 1 : 100), accelerated hydrogen peroxide (1 : 16), and 2% potassium peroxymonosulfate are recommended for decontamination of kennels exposed to dermatophyte pathogens.

scholarly journals Identification by Quantitative Carrier Test of Surrogate Spore-Forming Bacteria To Assess Sporicidal Chemicals for Use against Bacillus anthracis

2007 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 676-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miles R. Majcher ◽  
Kathryn A. Bernard ◽  
Syed A. Sattar
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Anthracis ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Viable Spore ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Liquid Chemical ◽  
Second Tier ◽  
Carrier Test ◽  
Spore Forming Bacteria

ABSTRACT The spores of six strains of Bacillus anthracis (four virulent and two avirulent) were compared with those of four other types of spore-forming bacteria for their resistance to four liquid chemical sporicides (sodium hypochlorite at 5,000 ppm available chlorine, 70,000 ppm accelerated H2O2, 1,000 ppm chlorine dioxide, and 3,000 ppm peracetic acid). All test bacteria were grown in a 1:10 dilution of Columbia broth (with manganese) incubated at 37°C for 72 h. The spore suspensions, heat treated at 80°C for 10 min to rid them of any viable vegetative cells, contained 1 × 108 to 3 × 108 CFU/ml. The second tier of the quantitative carrier test (QCT-2), a standard of ASTM International, was used to assess for sporicidal activity, with disks (1 cm in diameter) of brushed and magnetized stainless steel as spore carriers. Each carrier, with 10 μl (≥106 CFU) of the test spore suspension in a soil load, was dried and then overlaid with 50 μl of the sporicide being evaluated. The contact time at room temperature ranged from 5 to 20 min, and the arbitrarily set criterion for acceptable sporicidal activity was a reduction of ≥106 in viable spore count. Each test was repeated at least three times. In the final analysis, the spores of Bacillus licheniformis (ATCC 14580T) and Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6051T) proved to be generally more resistant than the spores of the strains of B. anthracis tested. The use of one or both of the safe and easy-to-handle surrogates identified here should help in developing safer and more-effective sporicides and also in evaluating the field effectiveness of existing and newer formulations in the decontamination of objects and surfaces suspected of B. anthracis contamination.

scholarly journals Room Decontamination Using Ionized Hydrogen Peroxide Fog and Mist Reduces Hatching Rates of Syphacia obvelata Ova

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Dell’Anna ◽  
Kathleen Mullin ◽  
Matthew T Brewer ◽  
Jeba R J Jesudoss Chelladurai ◽  
Mary B Sauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Dwelling Time ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Syphacia Obvelata ◽  
Time Point ◽  
Hatching Rates

This study evaluated the efficacy of ionized hydrogen peroxide (iHP) fog and mist for environmental and surface decontaminationof Syphacia obvelata ova in rodent rooms. Ova were collected by perianal tape impression from S. obvelata infectedmice. In experiment 1, ova were exposed to iHP using a whole-room fogging decontamination system with a 15 min initialfog application cycle in unoccupied rodent rooms. Ova were removed from the fogged environment after a 15 min, 30 min, 90min, or 240 min iHP exposure time. In experiment 2, a second cohort of ova were exposed to iHP using the whole-room foggingdecontamination system. Ova were removed after 3, 4 or 6 continuous fog application cycles with 45 min dwelling timebetween each cycle and 15 h dwelling time for the last time point. In experiment 3, a third set of ova was exposed to an iHPsurface misting unit with 1, 2, or 3 iHP mist applications. A 7 min contact time followed each application. After exposure, ovawere incubated in a hatching medium for 6 h. Control ova were maintained at room temperature without iHP exposure beforeincubation in the hatching medium. After incubation, the number of ova hatched was assessed by microscopic examination.For experiment 1, results ranged from 46% to 57% of exposed ova hatched. For experiment 2, results ranged from 43% to 49%of ova hatched. For experiment 3, 37% to 46% of exposed ova hatched. Conversely, for the control groups above 80% of ovahatched for all 3 experiments. These data suggest that exposure to iHP fog and mist has variable effectiveness in reducingviability of S. obvelata ova at the time points tracked. Further studies are needed to identify iHP exposures that will furtherreduce or eliminate the hatching of rodent pinworm ova.

scholarly journals Self-Assembling Quaternary Ammonium Sulfonamide Antimicrobials

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamlesh Mistry
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Metal Surfaces ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Uv Curing ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Antimicrobial Coatings ◽  
Self Assembling ◽  
Plastic Surfaces

A series of novel sulfonamide based quaternary ammonium (QUAT’s) antimicrobials containing a variety of chemical anchors R-SO2-NH-(CH2)3-N(CH3)2-(CH2)3-Y (where R = alkyl or aryl and Y = organosilane (Si(OMe)3), organophosphorus (P(O)(OR1)) and benzophenone (-OC6H4-C(O)-C6H5)) were used to immobilize them on different substrates. Sulfonamide organosilane QUAT’s were immobilized on to textiles substrates, whereas benzophenone QUAT’s were used to exclusively coat plastic surfaces (polyethylene (PE), and polyvinylchloride (PVC)), and organophosphorus QUAT’s were prepared for testing on metal surfaces (stainless steel). The covalently attached antimicrobial coatings were found to kill gram +ve and -ve bacteria on contact, hindering their attachment and colonization without any leachate. The partially water soluble sulfonamide QUAT’s presented are readily prepared, easy to apply and are relatively inexpensive. Textile samples were prepared by immersion in a MeOH:H2O (30:70) solution of organosilane QUAT’s followed by curing/drying at room temperature for 2 – 24 hours. Plastic samples were prepared by electrospraying an EtOH:H2O (10:90) solution containing benzophenone QUAT’s followed by UV curing using for 2 – 5 minutes. All samples showed a 100% reduction (107– 106 cells) of viable Arthrobacter, S. aureus, and E.coli after 3 hours of contact time and maintained their activity over 24 hours versus the control (untreated) samples.

scholarly journals Decontamination Options for Bacillus anthracis-Contaminated Drinking Water Determined from Spore Surrogate Studies

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (19) ◽  
pp. 6631-6638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Raber ◽  
Alison Burklund
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Bacillus Anthracis ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Oxidation Potential ◽  
Spore Concentration ◽  
Reported Study ◽  
Contaminated Drinking Water ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACT Five parameters were evaluated with surrogates of Bacillus anthracis spores to determine effective decontamination alternatives for use in a contaminated drinking water supply. The parameters were as follows: (i) type of Bacillus spore surrogate (B. thuringiensis or B. atrophaeus), (ii) spore concentration in suspension (102 and 106 spores/ml), (iii) chemical characteristics of the decontaminant (sodium dichloro-S-triazinetrione dihydrate [Dichlor], hydrogen peroxide, potassium peroxymonosulfate [Oxone], sodium hypochlorite, and VirkonS), (iv) decontaminant concentration (0.01% to 5%), and (v) exposure time to decontaminant (10 min to 1 h). Results from 138 suspension tests with appropriate controls are reported. Hydrogen peroxide at a concentration of 5% and Dichlor or sodium hypochlorite at a concentration of 2% were highly effective at spore inactivation regardless of spore type tested, spore exposure time, or spore concentration evaluated. This is the first reported study of Dichlor as an effective decontaminant for B. anthracis spore surrogates. Dichlor's desirable characteristics of high oxidation potential, high level of free chlorine, and a more neutral pH than that of other oxidizers evaluated appear to make it an excellent alternative. All three oxidizers were effective against B. atrophaeus spores in meeting the EPA biocide standard of greater than a 6-log kill after a 10-min exposure time and at lower concentrations than typically reported for biocide use. Solutions of 5% VirkonS and Oxone were less effective as decontaminants than other options evaluated in this study and did not meet the EPA's efficacy standard for a biocide, although they were found to be as effective for concentrations of 102 spores/ml. Differences in methods and procedures reported by other investigators make quantitative comparisons among studies difficult.

scholarly journals Self-Assembling Quaternary Ammonium Sulfonamide Antimicrobials

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamlesh Mistry
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Metal Surfaces ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Uv Curing ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Antimicrobial Coatings ◽  
Self Assembling ◽  
Plastic Surfaces

A series of novel sulfonamide based quaternary ammonium (QUAT’s) antimicrobials containing a variety of chemical anchors R-SO2-NH-(CH2)3-N(CH3)2-(CH2)3-Y (where R = alkyl or aryl and Y = organosilane (Si(OMe)3), organophosphorus (P(O)(OR1)) and benzophenone (-OC6H4-C(O)-C6H5)) were used to immobilize them on different substrates. Sulfonamide organosilane QUAT’s were immobilized on to textiles substrates, whereas benzophenone QUAT’s were used to exclusively coat plastic surfaces (polyethylene (PE), and polyvinylchloride (PVC)), and organophosphorus QUAT’s were prepared for testing on metal surfaces (stainless steel). The covalently attached antimicrobial coatings were found to kill gram +ve and -ve bacteria on contact, hindering their attachment and colonization without any leachate. The partially water soluble sulfonamide QUAT’s presented are readily prepared, easy to apply and are relatively inexpensive. Textile samples were prepared by immersion in a MeOH:H2O (30:70) solution of organosilane QUAT’s followed by curing/drying at room temperature for 2 – 24 hours. Plastic samples were prepared by electrospraying an EtOH:H2O (10:90) solution containing benzophenone QUAT’s followed by UV curing using for 2 – 5 minutes. All samples showed a 100% reduction (107– 106 cells) of viable Arthrobacter, S. aureus, and E.coli after 3 hours of contact time and maintained their activity over 24 hours versus the control (untreated) samples.

scholarly journals Efficacy of commercially available disinfectants against human norovirus surrogates and Clostridioides difficile endospores

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinge Huang ◽  
Geun W Park ◽  
Rachael Jones ◽  
Angie Frazer ◽  
Jan Vinje ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Strong Correlation ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Human Norovirus ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Product Formulation ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Suspension Test

Abstract Background Routine disinfection of environmental surfaces is essential to control the spread of pathogens that cause healthcare-associated infections. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of a panel of disinfectants against two human norovirus surrogates [feline calicivirus (FCV) and Tulane virus (TuV)] and Clostridioides difficile endospores. Methods Nine products on EPA’s List G were selected using four criteria: 1) ready-to-use, 2) nonchlorine-based active ingredient, 3) commercially available, and 4) limited known health risks. Active ingredients of the products included hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), peracetic acid, quaternary ammonium compounds, or alcohols. The efficacy of the products against FCV, TuV and C. difficile spores was tested using the ASTM suspension test and on stainless steel coupons for 1, 5 and 10 min (FCV, TuV) and 10 min (C. difficile spores). Results On stainless steel carriers, seven of the nine products reduced FCV > 5.1 log after 5 min of contact time and eight products after 10 min. One product reduced TuV > 3.1 log after 5 min while 8 products could not achieve this level of reduction even after 10 min. Only one product achieved > 6.0 log reduction of C. difficile spores after 10 min while other 8 products could not achieve this acceptable efficacy. The two most efficacious products contained H2O2 as active ingredient and resulted in > 5.1 log reduction of FCV and ≥ 2.4 log reduction of TuV after 5 min contact time on stainless steel carriers. However, among the five products containing H2O2, no strong correlation (R2 = 0.25, p = 0.03) between log reduction and H2O2 concentration was detected using the ASTM suspension test, suggesting product formulation, not active ingredient concentration, impacts efficacy. Conclusion A panel of nine EPA-approved disinfectants was tested against two HuNoV surrogates (FCV and TuV) and C. difficile endospores. The most efficacious products contained hydrogen peroxide as active ingredient. TuV was confirmed to be the more conservative surrogate for HuNoV than FCV. No strong correlation between log reduction and hydrogen peroxide concentration was detected, suggesting that product formulation has a significant impact on the efficacy of a product.

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