Optimization of the In Vitro Bactericidal Effect of a Mixture of Chlorine and Sodium Gallate against Campylobacter spp. and Arcobacter butzleri

2021 ◽  
Vol 84 (7) ◽  
pp. 1127-1135
Author(s):  
LUIS ENRIQUE ORTIZ-SUÁREZ ◽  
MAURICIO REDONDO-SOLANO ◽  
MARÍA LAURA ARIAS-ECHANDI ◽  
CAROL VALENZUELA-MARTÍNEZ ◽  
ETNA AIDA PEÑA-RAMOS
Keyword(s):  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Bactericidal Effect ◽  
Campylobacter Coli ◽  
Bactericidal Properties ◽  
Bactericidal Effects ◽  
Arcobacter Butzleri ◽  
Central Composite Experimental Design ◽  
Campylobacter Species ◽  
Campylobacter Spp

ABSTRACT Campylobacter spp. and Arcobacter butzleri are foodborne pathogens associated with the consumption of contaminated raw chicken meat. At the industry level, the combination of new and common antimicrobials could be used as a strategy to control the presence of pathogens in chicken carcasses. The objective of this study was to determine the bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects of a mixture of chlorine (Cl) and sodium gallate (SG) on a mixture of two Campylobacter species (Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli) and A. butzleri. Using a central composite experimental design, it was established that the optimum inhibitory SG-Cl concentration for Campylobacter spp. was 44 to 45 ppm. After 15 h of incubation, Campylobacter species growth was reduced by 37.5% and the effect of Cl was potentiated by SG at concentrations above 45 ppm. In the case of A. butzleri, optimum levels of 28 and 41 ppm were observed for SG and Cl, respectively; no synergism was reported, as this bacterium was more sensitive to lower Cl concentrations than Campylobacter. After a 20-min pretreatment with peracetic acid (50 ppm), the optimum condition to achieve a >1.0-Log CFU/mL reduction of Campylobacter spp. was exposure to 177 ppm of Cl and 44 ppm of SG for 56 min. As A. butzleri showed lower resistance to the bacteriostatic effect of the Cl-SG combination, it was assumed that optimum bactericidal conditions for Campylobacter spp. were effective to control the former; this was confirmed with subsequent validation of the model. The SG-Cl combination has bactericidal properties against Campylobacter and A. butzleri, and it may be a useful strategy to improve sanitary practices applied in the poultry industry. HIGHLIGHTS

Method-Dependent Variability in Determination of Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in Canadian Retail Poultry

2014 ◽  
Vol 77 (10) ◽  
pp. 1682-1688 ◽  
Author(s):  
CATHERINE D. CARRILLO ◽  
DANIEL PLANTE ◽  
IRÈNE IUGOVAZ ◽  
ROBYN KENWELL ◽  
GHISLAINE BÉLANGER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Campylobacter Coli ◽  
Testing Methods ◽  
Poultry Products ◽  
Thermophilic Campylobacter ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Bacterial Gastroenteritis ◽  
Campylobacter Species ◽  
Raw Poultry ◽  
Campylobacter Spp

Campylobacter is the most frequent cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in Canada, and the illness is commonly associated with poultry consumption. Whereas Canadian retail poultry is often contaminated with campylobacters, studies on the prevalence of this organism are inconsistent due to variability in sampling and microbiological methodology. To determine the current microbiological status of Canadian poultry, and to evaluate two commonly used microbiological methods, 348 raw poultry samples were collected at retail across Canada over a period of 3 years (2007 to 2010) and were analyzed for the presence of thermophilic Campylobacter species. The overall prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was found to be 42.8% by a combination of the two testing methods, with 33.9% of the samples positive for C. jejuni, 3.7% of the samples positive for C. coli, and 5.2% of the samples positive for both. Variability in Campylobacter spp. prevalence was observed in samples obtained from different regions across Canada and from poultry with or without skin, but this was not statistically significant. In co-contaminated samples, C. jejuni was preferentially recovered from Preston agar compared with mCCDA and Campy-Cefex agar, with an increase in recovery of C. coli on all selective media after 48 h of enrichment. A subset of 214 of the poultry rinses were analyzed by both Health Canada's standard method, MFLP-46 (enrichment in Park and Sanders broth), and a second method requiring enrichment in Bolton broth. Significantly more positive samples were obtained with the MFLP-46 method (40.6%) than with the alternate method (35.0%). This improved recovery with MFLP-46 may be due to the omission of cycloheximide from this method. These results demonstrate that determination of prevalence of Campylobacter spp. on poultry products may be significantly impacted by the choice of microbiological methods used. Canadian poultry continues to be a source of exposure to Campylobacter spp.

Experience with aniline dyes in the treatment of pyoderma

1934 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 421-425
Author(s):  
I. N. Olesov ◽  
G. G. Kondratiev ◽  
E. G. Khusnutdinova
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Methyl Violet ◽  
Bactericidal Effect ◽  
Methyl Green ◽  
Therapeutic Value ◽  
Bactericidal Properties ◽  
Clinical Verification ◽  
Aniline Dyes

The results of an experimental study of the bactericidal effect of aniline dyes (a.k.) obtained in our clinic (Kondratyev) set us the task to verify the therapeutic value of some a/c in the treatment of pyoderma. For clinical verification we chose a number of a.c, with different bactericidal properties in vitro: genzian violet (g.v.), methyl violet (m.v.) crystallviolet (c.v.) methylene blue (m.c.), methyl green (m.z.), vesuvine (c) and acidic fuchsin (f. K), which were used as aqueous and alcoholic solutions (96, 70, 50) of 1-5% concentration in the form of lubrications, injections and lotions, and in some cases in pure form (powder). A total of 190 patients were under our observation: inpatients - 57, outpatients - 133.

scholarly journals Broad-Spectrum Bactericidal Activity of Ag2O-Doped Bioactive Glass

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1940-1945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Bellantone ◽  
Huw D. Williams ◽  
Larry L. Hench
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Glass ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Bactericidal Effect ◽  
Graft Material ◽  
Bacterial Killing ◽  
Bactericidal Properties ◽  
New Material ◽  
45S5 Bioglass

ABSTRACT Bioactive glass has found extensive application as an orthopedic and dental graft material and most recently also as a tissue engineering scaffold. Here we report an initial investigation of the in vitro antibacterial properties of AgBG, a novel bioactive glass composition doped with Ag2O. The bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties of this new material and of two other bioactive glass compositions, 45S5 Bioglass and BG, have been studied by using Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus as test microorganisms. Concentrations of AgBG in the range of 0.05 to 0.20 mg of AgBG per ml of culture medium were found to inhibit the growth of these bacteria. Not only was AgBG bacteriostatic, but it also elicited a rapid bactericidal action. A complete bactericidal effect was elicited within the first hours of incubation at AgBG concentrations of 10 mg ml−1. 45S5 Bioglass and BG had no effect on bacterial growth or viability. The antibacterial action of AgBG is attributed exclusively to the leaching of Ag+ ions from the glass matrix. Analytical measurements rule out any contribution to AgBG-mediated bacterial killing by changes in pH or ionic strength or the dissolution of other ionic species from the biomaterials. Our observations of the dissolution profiles of Ag+ from AgBG in the presence and absence of bacteria are consistent with silver accumulation by the bacteria.

scholarly journals Genetic characterisation of virulence genes associated with adherence, invasion and cytotoxicity in Campylobacter spp. isolated from commercial chickens and human clinical cases

2018 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Reddy ◽  
Oliver T. Zishiri
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Campylobacter Coli ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Commercial Chicken ◽  
Campylobacter Species ◽  
Campylobacter Spp

Virulence-associated genes have been recognised and detected in Campylobacter species. The majority of them have been proven to be associated with pathogenicity. This study aimed to detect the presence of virulence genes associated with pathogenicity and responsible for invasion, expression of adherence, colonisation and production of the cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. Commercial chicken faecal samples were randomly sampled from chicken farms within the Durban metropolitan area in South Africa. Furthermore, human clinical Campylobacter spp. isolates were randomly sampled from a private pathology laboratory in South Africa. Out of a total of 100 chicken faecal samples, 78% (n = 78) were positive for Campylobacter growth on modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate and from the random laboratory collection of 100 human clinical isolates, 83% (n = 83) demonstrated positive Campylobacter spp. growth following culturing methods. These samples were screened for the presence of the following virulence genes: cadF, hipO, asp, ciaB, dnaJ, pldA, cdtA, cdtB and cdtC. As expected, the cadF gene was present in 100% of poultry (n = 78) and human clinical isolates (n = 83). Campylobacter jejuni was the main species detected in both poultry and human clinical isolates, whilst C. coli were detected at a significantly lower percentage (p < 0.05). Eight per cent of the C. jejuni from human clinical isolates had all virulence genes that were investigated. Only one C. coli isolate demonstrated the presence of all the virulence genes investigated; however, the pldA virulence gene was detected in 100% of the C. coli isolates in poultry and a high percentage (71%) in human clinical C. coli isolates as well. The detection of cdt genes was found at higher frequency in poultry than human clinical isolates. The high prevalence rates of virulence genes detected in poultry and human clinical isolates demonstrate their significance in the pathogenicity of Campylobacter species.

Development of Macrolide-Resistant Campylobacter in Broilers Administered Subtherapeutic or Therapeutic Concentrations of Tylosin†

2007 ◽  
Vol 70 (8) ◽  
pp. 1945-1951 ◽  
Author(s):  
SCOTT R. LADELY ◽  
MARK A. HARRISON ◽  
PAULA J. FEDORKA-CRAY ◽  
MARK E. BERRANG ◽  
MARK D. ENGLEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Production ◽  
Campylobacter Coli ◽  
Apparent Difference ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Erythromycin Resistance ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Food Animal ◽  
Campylobacter Species ◽  
Therapeutic Administration ◽  
Campylobacter Spp

The use of antimicrobials in food animal production, particularly those commonly used to treat infections in humans, has become a source of debate in recent years. However, limited data are available regarding the development of resistance following the subtherapeutic or therapeutic administration of antimicrobials in animal production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the administration of therapeutic and subtherapeutic concentrations of tylosin on the erythromycin susceptibility of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from the ceca of treated broilers. In three replicated studies, day-of-hatch chicks were exposed to macrolide-susceptible C. jejuni or C. coli. At 2 weeks of age, tylosin was administered at subtherapeutic (22 ppm, continuously in the diet) or therapeutic concentrations (529 ppm, in the drinking water for 5 days). Broilers were sacrificed weekly. Total and erythromycin-resistant Campylobacter spp. were enumerated from individual ceca plus cecal contents. Overall erythromycin resistance was observed at a higher frequency (P &lt; 0.01) among C. coli isolates (70.8%) than among C. jejuni isolates (36.8%) following tylosin administration. Across Campylobacter species, erythromycin resistance was observed at a higher frequency (P &lt; 0.001) when tylosin was administered at subtherapeutic (62.7%) than at therapeutic (11.4%) concentrations. Subtherapeutic administration resulted in the recovery of 83.3 and 56.1% erythromycin-resistant isolates compared with only 33.3 and 7.9% of the isolates expressing erythromycin resistance following the administration of therapeutic concentrations for C. coli and C. jejuni, respectively. Further studies are needed to determine the factors involved in the apparent difference in the acquisition of macrolide resistance in C. coli compared with C. jejuni.

scholarly journals THE BACTERICIDAL ACTION OF PROPYLENE GLYCOL VAPOR ON MICROORGANISMS SUSPENDED IN AIR. I

1942 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 593-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. H. Robertson ◽  
Edward Bigg ◽  
Theodore T. Puck ◽  
Benjamin F. Miller ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Marked Reduction ◽  
Bactericidal Effect ◽  
Bactericidal Action ◽  
Lethal Action ◽  
Droplet Form ◽  
Bactericidal Properties ◽  
Enclosed Space

It has been found that propylene glycol vapor dispersed into the air of an enclosed space produces a marked and rapid bactericidal effect on microorganisms introduced into such an atmosphere in droplet form. Concentrations of 1 gm. of propylene glycol vapor in two to four million cc. of air produced immediate and complete sterilization of air into which pneumococci, streptococci, staphylococci, H. influenzae, and other microorganisms as well as influenza virus had been sprayed. With lesser concentrations of propylene glycol, rapid and marked reduction in the number of air-borne bacteria occurred, but complete sterilization of the air required a certain interval of time. Pronounced effects on both pneumococci and hemolytic streptococci were observed when concentrations as low as 1 gm. of glycol to fifty million cc. of air were employed. Numerous control tests showed that failure of the glycol-treated microorganisms to grow on the agar plates was due to actual death of the bacteria. The means by which propylene glycol vapor produces its effect on droplet-borne bacteria is discussed and data relating the bactericidal properties of propylene glycol in vitro to the lethal action of its vapor is presented. Atmospheres containing propylene glycol vapor are invisible, odorless, and non-irritating. This glycol is essentially non-toxic when given orally and intravenously. Tests on possible deleterious effects of breathing propylene glycol containing atmospheres over long periods of time are being carried out.

scholarly journals Bactericidal Effects of Low-Irradiance Low Level Light Therapy on Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus in Vitro

Fine Focus ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-115
Author(s):  
Patrick J. McMullan ◽  
Jakob Krzyston ◽  
Robert Osgood
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Light Therapy ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Low Level Light Therapy ◽  
Bactericidal Properties ◽  
Bactericidal Effects ◽  
Total Fluence

Low Level Light Therapy (LLLT) within the visible blue spectrum (400-470 nanometers) is a well-documented therapeutic alternative to combat multidrug resistant organism infections through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, one shortcoming of LLLT is that many studies deliver therapy through high powered lasers and lamps. High powered light sources not only require specialized staff to operate, but they also deliver the total light dose (fluence) at an exceptionally high intensity, or irradiance, which could consequently deplete the oxygen supplies required to promote LLLT’s bactericidal properties. To overcome these faults, low-irradiance LLLT, or delivering the same total fluence of LLLT over an extended period of time with decreased irradiance was evaluated in vitro. To further explore this alternative approach, the bactericidal effects of low-irradiance (10.44 mW/cm2) LLLT using wavelengths of 405-nm, 422-nm and 470-nm were studied on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) cultures. Among these wavelengths, it was determined that 405-nm LLLT provided the most effective reduction of bacterial load at the lowest total fluence (75 J/cm2) (94.50% reduction). The bactericidal effects of 405-nm low-irradiance LLLT were then further studied by treating MRSA cultures to 75 J/cm2 LLLT while using irradiances of 5.22 mW/cm2 and 3.48 mW/cm2. It was concluded that there was a greater reduction of MRSA bacterial load when samples were exposed to irradiances of 5.22 mW/cm2 (95.71% reduction) and 3.48 mW/cm2 (99.63% reduction). This study validates the bactericidal properties of low-irradiance LLLT on MRSA, and subsequent studies should be completed to optimize its full therapeutic potential.

scholarly journals Evaluation of bactericidal effects of ultraviolet light C irradiation on cariogenic bacteria: An in vitro study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Moayyad Alharbi ◽  
Fahad Bakitian ◽  
Ali Alenezi
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Ultraviolet Light ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Bactericidal Effect ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Solid Surfaces ◽  
Limited Effect ◽  
Bactericidal Effects

Abstract Backgrounds Ultraviolet light C (UVL-C) irradiation has demonstrated an antimicrobial action against various pathogens. This study aimed to evaluate the bactericidal effect of UVL-C irradiation against cariogenic oral bacteria (Streptococcus mutans) in single layers and colonies grown on solid surfaces. Methods Two different experiments were performed. In the first experiment, a single layer of Streptococcus mutans bacteria on agar plates was exposed to UVL-C irradiation at energies from 0 to 21 mWs/cm2. The second experiment was conducted to inhibit viability of bacterial colonies on solid surfaces. The samples were derived from saliva from a patient where bacteria were grown on plastic strips and then exposed to UVL-C. The highest energy was 1050 mWs/cm2. Results Exposure to 21 mWs/cm2 was bactericidal in single layers of Streptococcus mutans. The result for bacterial colonies on solid surfaces indicated only a bacteriostatic effect, even at energies of 1050 mWs/cm2. Conclusions Ultraviolet light C exhibits bactericidal effects on single layers of Streptococcus mutans but has a limited effect on bacterial colonies in a biofilm. It is a matter of debate whether these in vitro results would have the same effect in clinical setting.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Thymol-β-d-Glucopyranoside as a Potential Prebiotic Intervention to Reduce Carriage of Zoonotic Pathogens in Weaned and Feeder Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 860
Author(s):  
Gizem Levent ◽  
Robin C. Anderson ◽  
Branko Petrujkić ◽  
Toni L. Poole ◽  
Haiqi He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Intestinal Microbes ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Sensitivity ◽  
Current Thinking ◽  
Bactericidal Effects ◽  
Serovar Typhimurium

The gut of food-producing animals is a reservoir for foodborne pathogens. Thymol is bactericidal against foodborne pathogens but rapid absorption of thymol from the proximal gut precludes the delivery of effective concentrations to the lower gut where pathogens mainly colonize. Thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside is reported to be more resistant to absorption than thymol in everted jejunal segments and could potentially function as a prebiotic by resisting degradation and absorption in the proximal gut but being hydrolysable by microbial β-glycosidase in the distal gut. Previous in vitro studies showed bactericidal effects of thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside against Campylobacter, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in the presence but not absence of intestinal microbes expressing β-glycosidase activity, indicating that hydrolysis was required to obtain antimicrobial activity. Presently, the oral administration of thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside was studied to examine the effects on intestinal carriage of Campylobacter, E. coli, and S. Typhimurium in swine. The effects of thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside or thymol on antimicrobial sensitivity of representative E. coli isolates and characterized Salmonella strains were also explored. Results from two in vivo studies revealed little antimicrobial effects of thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside on Campylobacter, E. coli, or S. Typhimurium in swine gut. These findings add credence to current thinking that hydrolysis and absorption of thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside and thymol may be sufficiently rapid within the proximal gut to preclude delivery to the distal gut. Antibiotic susceptibilities of selected bacterial isolates and strains were mainly unaffected by thymol. Further research is warranted to overcome obstacles, preventing the delivery of efficacious amounts of thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside to the lower gut.

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