Measurement the “Q” angle through the application of direct method and indirect method

Abstract Introduction: The “Q” angle is used to measure global alignment of the kneecap, representing the kneecap normal alignment. The average of 15 degrees in ordinary people is accepted as “Q” angle value, 14 degrees for men and 17 degrees for women. Anatomic changes caused by variants produces converging kneecaps or lateral deviation of the tibial tuberosity, changing the “Q” angle value and causing pathologies. Objective: Measure the “Q” angle of asymptomatic people, comparing obtained results. Materials and Methods: The “Q” angle measurement was taken from 12 subjects (6 males and 6 females), with ages from 18 to 35, at the Physiotherapy Clinic of José do Rosario Vellano College, in Alfenas, MG. Results: After evaluating the 12 subjects following ANOVA test, using p < 0.05, no significant statistic difference could be observed among examiners, gender or right and left limbs, considering both direct and indirect methods. Conclusion: Data obtained in this research allows us suggest that there is no difference between “Q” angle values among genders, direct and indirect methods and lateral symmetry.

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Estimating emission from gas power plant in palembang, indonesia using direct and indirect methods

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/20186702037 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 67 ◽

pp. 02037

Author(s):

Gabriel Andari Kristanto ◽

Alditho Farrasi Anantoputra

Keyword(s):

Power Plant ◽

Emission Factor ◽

Indirect Method ◽

Emission Inventory ◽

Direct Method ◽

Total Particulate Matter ◽

Indirect Methods ◽

Gas Power Plant ◽

A Direct Method ◽

Direct And Indirect Methods

Nowadays, almost every daily activity is supported by the availability of energy, especially electricity. As the Borang 60 MW Gas Power Plant in Palembang, Indonesia emits air pollutants such as SO2, NOx, CO, and total particulate matter (total PM), an emission inventory needs to be developed. Various methods can be used in the inventory of emissions; among others are a direct method based on direct measurement and an indirect method which involves the calculation of total emissions by emission factor. This study aims to estimate the emissions from the gas power plant in Palembang using direct and indirect methods and analyze the most suitable emission factor for Indonesian conditions. The comparison between emissions measured by direct and indirect methods found that the indirect method using the emission factor of AP-42 gives more accurate results for SO2 and NOx, whereas the total emission of CO is more accurately calculated based on the indirect method using the emission factor developed by Kurokawa et al. (2013); the median value of total PM is more accurately calculated based on the indirect method using the emission factor developed by the IPCC.

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Direct and Indirect Methods for Calculating Thermal Emission From Layered Structures With Nonuniform Temperatures

Journal of Heat Transfer ◽

10.1115/1.4003543 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 133 (7) ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

L. P. Wang ◽

S. Basu ◽

Z. M. Zhang

Keyword(s):

Temperature Distribution ◽

Thermal Emission ◽

Local Density ◽

Direct Method ◽

Direct Methods ◽

Layered Structures ◽

Nonuniform Temperature ◽

Indirect Methods ◽

Nonuniform Temperature Distribution ◽

Direct And Indirect Methods

The determination of emissivity of layered structures is critical in many applications, such as radiation thermometry, microelectronics, radiative cooling, and energy harvesting. Two different approaches, i.e., the “indirect” and “direct” methods, are commonly used for computing the emissivity of an object. For an opaque surface at a uniform temperature, the indirect method involves calculating the spectral directional-hemispherical reflectance to deduce the spectral directional emissivity based on Kirchhoff’s law. On the other hand, a few studies have used a combination of Maxwell’s equations with the fluctuation-dissipation theorem to directly calculate the emissivity. The present study aims at unifying the direct and indirect methods for calculating the far-field thermal emission from layered structures with a nonuniform temperature distribution. Formulations for both methods are given to illustrate the equivalence between the indirect and the direct methods. Thermal emission from an asymmetric Fabry–Pérot resonance cavity with a nonuniform temperature distribution is taken as an example to show how to predict the intensity, emissivity, and the brightness temperature. The local density of states, however, can only be calculated using the direct method.

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The usefulness of operating cash flow information: Does format matter?

Corporate Ownership and Control ◽

10.22495/cocv10i1art4 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 44-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Shadi Farshadfar

Keyword(s):

Cash Flow ◽

Indirect Method ◽

Direct Method ◽

Cash Flows ◽

Indirect Methods ◽

Flow Information ◽

Operating Cash Flow ◽

Future Cash Flows ◽

Direct And Indirect Methods ◽

Level Analysis

This study investigates whether the direct method of presenting cash flows from operations is superior to the indirect method in its ability to forecast future cash flows. It also considers the effect of industry characteristics on the relative usefulness of direct and indirect methods of cash flow presentation. The study, which uses a sample of Australian firms, finds that both the direct and indirect methods improve the forecast of future cash flows. However, the indirect method of reporting cash flows from operations is more relevant than the direct method in predicting future cash flows. Evidence from the industry-level analysis overall reinforces the main results.

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Direct Susceptibility Testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for Pyrazinamide by Use of the Bactec MGIT 960 System

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.03162-15 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 54 (5) ◽

pp. 1276-1281 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Anne-Marie Demers ◽

Amour Venter ◽

Sven O. Friedrich ◽

Gabriel Rojas-Ponce ◽

Daniel Mapamba ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Susceptibility Testing ◽

Direct Method ◽

Drug Susceptibility ◽

Drug Susceptibility Testing ◽

New Drugs ◽

Indirect Methods ◽

Future Studies ◽

Patient Screening ◽

Phenotypic Methods ◽

Direct And Indirect Methods

Pyrazinamide (PZA) is a key antituberculosis drug, yet no rapid susceptibility test is commercially available. PZA drug susceptibility testing (DST) was performed directly on sputum samples from 327 patients and compared with the indirect method by using the Bactec MGIT 960 system in the context of patient screening for participation in a drug trial. Compared to standard indirect PZA DST, direct DST was successful in only 59% of cases, but results obtained were highly accurate and available faster. Agreement between the direct and indirect methods varied from 90 to 100% in each laboratory. The median times for obtaining PZA results from the time when the specimen was collected ranged from 11 to 16 days for the direct test and 18 to 95 days for the indirect test across laboratories. The direct method is accurate and reproducible across laboratories. It can be expected to accelerate results in >50% of cases, but it cannot replace indirect DST for PZA. Phenotypic methods remain the gold standard for DST in drug trials. If future studies can optimize the method to decrease the number of uninterpretable results, direct MGIT DST could be the new phenotypic DST standard for clinical trials, providing more rapid detection of resistance to new drugs in experimental regimens.

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Evaluation of direct and indirect methods for modelling the joint distribution of tree diameter and height data with the bivariate Johnson’s SBB function to forest stands

Forest Systems ◽

10.5424/fs/2019281-14104 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. e004 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jose Javier Gorgoso-Varela ◽

Friday Nwabueze Ogana ◽

Rafael Alonso Ponce

Keyword(s):

Maximum Likelihood ◽

Direct Method ◽

Suitable Method ◽

Two Stage ◽

Indirect Methods ◽

Conditional Maximum Likelihood ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Height Prediction ◽

Conditional Maximum ◽

Direct And Indirect Methods

Aim of study: In this study, both the direct and indirect methods by conditional maximum likelihood (CML) and moments for fitting Johnson’s SBB were evaluated. To date, Johnson’s SBB has been fitted by either indirect (two-stage) method using well-known procedures for the marginal diameter and heights, or direct methods, where all parameters are estimated at once. Application of bivariate Johnson’s SBB for predicting height and improving volume estimation requires a suitable fitting method.Area of study: E. globulus, P. pinaster and P. radiata stands in northwest Spain.Material and methods: The data set comprised of 308, 184 and 96 permanent sample plots (PSPs) from the aforementioned species. The suitability of the method was evaluated based on height and volume prediction. Indices including coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square Error (RMSE), model efficiency (MEF), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) and Hannan-Quinn Criterion (HQC) were used to assess the model predictions. Significant difference between observed and predicted tree height and volumes were tested using paired sample t-test at 5% level for each plot by species.Main results: The indirect method by CML was the most suitable method for height and volume prediction in the three species. The R2 and RMSE for height prediction ranged from 0.994 – 0.820 and 1.454 – 1.676, respectively. The percentage of plot in which the observed and predicted heights were significant was 0.32%. The direct method was the least performed method especially for height prediction in E. globulus.Research highlights: The indirect (two-stage) method, especially by conditional maximum likelihood, was the most suitable method for the bivariate Johnson’s SBB distribution.Keywords: conditional maximum likelihood; moments; two-stage method; direct method; tree volume.

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Direct and Indirect Methods for Calculating Thermal Emission From Layered Structures With Nonuniform Temperatures

2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference, Volume 5 ◽

10.1115/ihtc14-22499 ◽

2010 ◽

Author(s):

L. P. Wang ◽

S. Basu ◽

Z. M. Zhang

Keyword(s):

Temperature Distribution ◽

Thermal Emission ◽

Local Density ◽

Direct Method ◽

Direct Methods ◽

Layered Structures ◽

Nonuniform Temperature ◽

Indirect Methods ◽

Nonuniform Temperature Distribution ◽

Direct And Indirect Methods

The determination of emissivity of layered structures is critical in many applications, such as radiation thermometry, microelectronics, radiative cooling, and energy harvesting. Two different approaches, i.e., the “indirect” and “direct” methods, are commonly used for computing the emissivity of an object. For an opaque surface at a uniform temperature, the indirect method involves calculating the spectral directional-hemispherical reflectance to deduce the spectral directional emissivity based on Kirchhoff’s law. On the other hand, a few studies have used a combination of Maxwell’s equations with the fluctuation-dissipation theorem to directly calculate the emissivity. The present study aims at unifying the direct and indirect methods for calculating thermal emission from layered structures with a nonuniform temperature distribution. Formulations for both methods are given to illustrate the equivalence between the indirect and the direct methods. Thermal emission from an asymmetric Fabry-Perot resonance cavity with a nonuniform temperature distribution is taken as an example to show how to predict the intensity, emissivity, and the brightness temperature. The local density of states, however, can only be calculated using the direct method.

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A Comparative Evaluation of the Marginal and Internal Fit of Laboratory-fabricated Monolithic Zirconia Crowns using Direct and Indirect Methods of Scanning: An in vitro Study

Journal of Contemporary Dentistry ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10031-1180 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 22-27

Author(s):

Kushal N Gandhi

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Indirect Method ◽

Direct Method ◽

Indirect Methods ◽

Zirconia Crowns ◽

Monolithic Zirconia ◽

The Mean ◽

Internal Fit ◽

Direct And Indirect Methods

ABSTRACT Aim To evaluate the marginal and internal fit of laboratoryfabricated monolithic zirconia crowns using direct and indirect methods of scanning. Materials and methods A stainless steel master model was selected, which included stainless steel die, outer cap, and inner cap. The study was divided into two groups. In group I, direct method of scanning was carried out in which the stainless steel die was scanned directly with chairside scanner, and in group II, impression of the stainless steel die was made and gypsum die was fabricated, which was then subjected to scanning. Zirconia blanks or blocks were milled, sintered, and polished to obtain 10 zirconia crowns of each group. Replica technique was used to evaluate fit of crowns by using light body as cement analog. The crowns were then sectioned, viewed under a stereomicroscope, and each predetermined region was measured and evaluated for marginal and internal fit. Results The descriptive statistics showed that the mean marginal fit for indirect method was higher compared with that for direct method. The results of paired-sample t-test revealed that mean marginal and internal fit for indirect method was on the upper side of the scale, whereas the mean for the direct method is on the lower side of the scale. Thus, the difference in the means of two methods was quite large and likely to be significant. Conclusion The results did show better marginal and internal fit in crowns fabricated by the direct method; however, the crowns fabricated by the indirect method had more discrepancy, but were in the clinically acceptable limit. Clinical significance The present study would serve as a useful guide in deciding which method of scanning would give a better marginal and internal fit of monolithic zirconia crowns for longevity of restorations. How to cite this article Gandhi KN, Ram SM. A Comparative Evaluation of the Marginal and Internal Fit of Laboratory-fabricated Monolithic Zirconia Crowns using Direct and Indirect Methods of Scanning: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent 2017;7(1):22-27.

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DIRECT METHOD AND INDIRECTNESS METHOD: COMMUNICATION STRATEGY IN CARTOON

International Journal of Creative Industries ◽

10.35631/ijcrei.24001 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 01-12

Author(s):

Rohaidah Mashudi ◽

Norishamsawati Ishak ◽

Hawa Rahmat ◽

Faizuniza Mashhod ◽

Isma Suhaila Ismail ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Data Analysis ◽

Language Use ◽

Direct Method ◽

Direct Methods ◽

Study Data ◽

Communication Strategy ◽

Indirect Methods ◽

The Press ◽

Descriptive Approach ◽

Direct And Indirect Methods

Cartoons are not only seen as a media channel to provide entertainment to the community. This is because cartoons play an important role as a very effective medium of information delivery to all groups. The message in the cartoon is conveyed either through the language use and illustrations or mere illustrations from a cartoonist. The display of illustrations with the language used in cartoons in the press indirectly brings current issues in various aspects. Even though these illustrations can help stimulate one's ideas and maturity in evaluating a message. The purpose of this study is to examine language use as a communication strategy in cartoons and describe the use of direct and indirect methods in cartoons. As such, the use of language as a communication strategy is examined based on the language use used in cartoons, namely the language use through direct methods and indirectness methods. The study was conducted qualitatively through a descriptive approach. Study data were taken and collected from cartoons or illustrations produced by Maro cartoonists in the Malaysia Kita column, Mingguan Malaysia. The illustration taken as study data is an illustration that gives an overview of the current situation of the country in Mingguan Malaysia every Sunday for the July and August issues in 2019 and August 2020. Data analysis is done through an approach that presented by Asmah Hj Omar through research on the language use through indirectness methods and the language use through direct methods. The results of this study can be observed that the cartoon in the newspaper clearly shows that there is an emphasis on these two methods as a communication strategy used through language use as a way to ensure that the message conveyed can be understood by all parties. Thus, language use through this indirectness method is the main choice in the delivery of storytelling through cartoons. The study of language on cartoon illustrations needs to be given a wider focus because there are still many vacancies that need to be examined.

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