Psychotropic Drugs and the Brain: A Neurological Perspective on Human Dignity

2013 ◽  
pp. 314-336
Keyword(s):  
Human Dignity ◽  
Psychotropic Drugs ◽  
The Brain

Treating psychiatric disorders: Less invasive and noninvasive interventions

2018 ◽  
pp. 87-134
Author(s):  
Walter Glannon
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Electroconvulsive Therapy ◽  
Psychotropic Drugs ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Less Invasive ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Alternative Hypotheses ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
The Brain

This chapter analyzes and discusses different types of psychopharmacology. It examines the view that the monoamine hypothesis to explain and treat psychiatric disorders may be mistaken and considers alternative hypotheses. It also questions the distinction between noninvasive and invasive treatments in psychiatry, pointing out that some presumably noninvasive treatments are invasive because they can cause changes in the brain. The chapter discusses the potential benefits, risks and limitations of electroconvulsive therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and transcranial current stimulation. Placebos and neurofeedback are distinct from these interventions because they do not involve psychotropic drugs or neurostimulation. With a view to potential future therapies, the chapter considers novel neuromodulating techniques such as temporal interference.

Possible role of histamine in brain function: neurochemical, physiological, and pharmacological indications

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 709-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. M. Mazurkiewicz-Kwilecki
Keyword(s):  
Psychotropic Drugs ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Hormonal Regulation ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Brain Histamine ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Cyclic Variations ◽  
The Brain

Recently accumulated neurochemical, physiological, and pharmacological evidence strongly supports a role for histamine as a central neurotransmitter. Neurochemical methods, which became available within the last years, allow determination of small amounts of histamine and its metabolites in the brain and make possible future studies of central histamine regulation. The demonstration of histamine H1 and H2 receptors in the brain of several species suggests a possible role for histamine in brain function. Microelectrophysiological studies on single central neurones suggest both excitatory and depressant effects of histamine which are receptor mediated. In addition, brain histamine has been demonstrated to be subject to cyclic variations, to play a role in hormonal regulation, and to be altered by stressful conditions. Several psychotropic drugs significantly affect brain histamine regulation and elicit inhibitory effects on central histamine receptors. These findings bring new approaches and stimulus to further research on the significance of brain histamine.

scholarly journals FILOSOFI PENDIDIKAN YANG INTEGRAL DAN HUMANIS DALAM PERSPEKTIF MANGUNWIJAYA

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
Agustinus Wisnu Dewantara
Keyword(s):  
Human Dignity ◽  
Education System ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Educational Philosophy ◽  
Compulsory Education ◽  
Human Potential ◽  
Teaching System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Independent Person

Mangunwijaya introduced humanist educational philosophy and integrality. Education, according to Mangunwijaya, must create a climate that allows the child to divide themselves into an independent person. Education should aim to deliver learners in recognizing and developing human potential itself into a whole (not just the brain, but all aspects of humanity: skilled, intelligent, piety, solidarity, capable, and responsible). An education system should be humane. That is, a system of compulsory education to respect human dignity, particularly in the person of the child. Schools should thus be understood as a division of talent and togetherness with others. Consequently, the teaching system should not be alienated from the life of the concrete. That is, not merely biased cognitive, intellectualist or mere romantic extreme, but really develop talent, art, language, manners, morals, taste, religiosity, and social life.

Drugs and other physical treatments

Psychiatry ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca McKnight ◽  
Jonathan Price ◽  
John Geddes
Keyword(s):  
Psychotropic Drugs ◽  
Psychological Treatment ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Parent Drug ◽  
Portal System ◽  
First Pass Metabolism ◽  
First Pass ◽  
Physical Treatments ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Pass Metabolism

This chapter is about the use of drugs and electroconvul­sive therapy (ECT). Stimulants for ADHD are covered in Chapter 32, and psychological treatments in Chapter 14. This is a convenient way of dividing the subject matter of a book, but in practice these physical treatments should always be combined with psychological treatment, unless the patient chooses not to undertake this. The account in this chapter is concerned with prac­tical therapeutics rather than basic pharmacology, and it will be assumed that the reader has studied the basic pharmacology of the principal types of drug used in psychiatric disorders (readers who do not have this knowledge should consult a textbook, see, for example, ‘Further reading’). Nevertheless, a few important points about the actions of psychotropic drugs will be con­sidered, before describing the specific groups of drugs (see Science box 13.1). To be effective, psychotropic drugs must reach the brain in adequate amounts. How far they do this depends on their absorption, metabolism, excretion, and passage across the blood– brain barrier. Most psychotropic drugs are absorbed readily from the gut, but absorption can be reduced by intestinal hurry or a malabsorption syndrome. Absorption can be slowed down by use of enteric coatings on capsules, should the clinician wish for a drug to be delivered over a longer period of time. Most psychotropic drugs are metabolized partially in the liver on their way from the intestine via the portal system to the systemic circulation. The amount of this so- called first- pass metabolism differs from one person to another, and it is altered by certain drugs, taken at the same time, which induce liver enzymes (e.g. carbamazepine) or inhibit them (e.g. MAOIs). Although first- pass metabolism reduces the amount of the original drug reaching the brain, the metabolites of some drugs have their own therapeutic effects. As many psychotropic drugs have active metabolites, the measurement of plasma concentrations of the parent drug is generally a poor guide to treatment.

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