Making Silenced Voices Heard: Code-switching in Multilingual Literary Texts in Sweden: Carla Jonsson

Author(s):  
Regina Galasso

For outsiders, the languages of Latino literature are English, Spanish, and code-switching between the two languages. What is more, code-switching is considered a symptom of not knowing either language well. At the same time, Latinos themselves feel anxiety toward perceived deficiencies in both languages. This essay argues that Latino literature offers a complex use of language that can be appreciated through the lens of translation. This essay explores the forms of translation present in Latino literature suggesting that Spanish and English always exist in the presence and under the influence of each other. Discussions of Felipe Alfau, Junot Díaz, and Urayoán Noel highlight the centrality of translation issues in Latino writing ranging from creative output and expression to the making of subsequent versions of literary texts. Overall, considerations of translation in Latino studies can lead to a more complex understanding of the work of translators and multilingual writing in general.


2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed A. H. Ahmed

In the late 1950s, Iraqi Jews were either forced or chose to leave Iraq for Israel. Most Iraqi Jewish authors found it impossible to continue writing in Arabic in Israel and so faced the literary challenge of switching to Hebrew. As bilinguals, Iraqi Jewish novelists have employed Arabic in some of their Hebrew literary works, including strategies of code-switching. Conversational code-switching is traditionally divided into three types: intersentential code-switching, intrasentential code-switching, and tag-switching. Although code-switching in literary texts has its distinct features, research on written code-switching generally follows the typology applied to conversational code-switching. This article focuses on the typology of code-switching in literary texts. It investigates Arabic codes used in three Hebrew novels written by Iraqi Jewish novelists. The article suggests three main types of literary code-switching in view of the mutual relationship between author, text, and reader: Hard-Access, Easy-Access, and Ambiguous Access code-switching.


2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert Schendl

Code-switching has been a frequent feature of literary texts from the beginning of English literary tradition to the present time. The medieval period, in particular, with its complex multilingual situation, has provided a fruitful background for multilingual texts, and will be the focus of the present article. After looking at the linguistic background of the period and some specifics of medieval literature and of historical code-switching, the article discusses the main functions of code-switching in medieval poetry and drama, especially in regard to the different but changing status of the three main languages of literacy: Latin, French and English. This functional-pragmatic approach is complemented by a section on syntactic aspects of medieval literary code-switching, which also contains a brief comparison with modern spoken code-switching and shows some important similarities and differences between the two sets of data.


Diachronica ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Gary Miller

SUMMARY A reexamination of a small portion of the morphological evidence reveals that there were no fewer than 100 hybrid derivatives (of the type French suffix on native base) prior to 1450 and at least 64 before 1400. Given that most of the texts are literary, those are fairly high numbers. Moreover, the more banal the hybrid, the more likely it was to be allowed to occur in literary texts. Not surprisingly, glossaries and other non-literary texts are rich in hybrids, implying that the application of French suffixes to non-French roots was not uncommon in colloquial ME. Bilingual selection initially yielded a treasury of diverse caiques and lexemes, but code-switching normally precluded hybrid formation. The reassertion of English was facilitated by greater convergence. Monolingual speakers of this contact language could not distinguish nativized French words from English, permitting overlapping domains and morphological transfer. RÉSUMÉ Un reexamen d'une partie limitee des evidences morphologiques revele qu'il n'y eut pas moins d'une centaine de derives hybrides (du type où un suffixe frangais se joint a une racine anglaise) anterieurs a 1450 et au moins 64 avant 1400. Etant donne que la plupart des attestations viennent de textes litteraires, ces chiffres correspondent a un taux assez eleve. D'ailleurs, plus Thybride etait banal, plus il etait apte a figurer dans des textes litteraires. On constate sans etonnement que les glossaires et les autres textes non-litteraires abondent en formations hybrides, ce qui implique que la jonction des suffixes frangais avec des racines anglaises ne fut pas rare en moyen-anglais popu-late. Au debut ce fut la selection bilingue qui produisit un tresor de lexemes divers et de caiques, tout en evitant des formations hybrides lesquelles, de toute maniere, ne sont pas typiques lorsqu'il y a alternance codique. C'est la convergence linguistique qui a ensuite facilite la resurgence de 1'anglais. Les locuteurs unilingues de cette langue de contact ne surent pas distinguer les formations frangaises naturalisees des formations anglaises, permettant ainsi le chevauchement des domaines et, par la, des transferts morphologiques. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Eine frische Untersuchung eines kleinen Teilbereiches der morpholo-gischen Daten des Mittelenglischen zeigt, da6 vor 1450 nicht weniger als 100 Hybridisierungen existierten; vor 1400 lassen sich mindestens 64 belegen. Benicksichtigt man, daß die zugrundeliegenden Texte uberwiegend litera-risch sind, so sind diese Zahlen durchaus hoch. Daruberhinaus laBt sich beobachten, daB die Mischformen umso eher in literarischen Texten EinlaB fan-den, je banaler sie waren. Es uberrascht also nicht, daB Glossare und andere nichtliterarische Texte reichhaltig an Mischformen sind, was darauf schlieBen laBt, daB die Anheftung franzosischer Suffixe an nichtfranzosische Stamme im umgangssprachlichen Mittelenglisch nicht unublich war. Anfangs produ-zierte zweisprachige Selektion einen Reichtum von verschiedenen Lexemen und Lehniibersetzungen, Kodewechsel aber schloB typischerweise Hybridi-sierungen aus. Konvergenz erleichterte dann die Wiedererstarkung des Engli-schen. Einsprachige Sprecher dieser Kontaktsprache waren nicht in der Lage, vereinheimischte franzosische Worter von englischen auseinanderzuhalten, was Uberlagerungen und morphologischen Transfer erlaubte.


Author(s):  
Romanus Aboh ◽  
Chuka Fred Ononye

The study of literary texts from the purely formal-sentence linguistics is less helpful because it undermines contextual effects on the use of language in literature. Discourse analysis, unlike formal sentence-level linguistics, is more robust in its analysis of literary texts since it provides insights into how sociocultural and historical factors influence, to a large extent, writers’ use of language. Against this backdrop, we examine Mary Specht’s use of “Nigerianisms” in her novel, Migratory Animals (Migratory), to account for the context-specific ways through which language has been used, and how these articulate transcultural identity. The analysis draws deeply from the theoretical provisions of literary discourse analysis (LDA), a branch of discourse analysis devoted to the analysis of literary texts. From the analysis, three major forms of Nigerianisms which play up specific transcultured identities have been identified: code-switching, semantic shift/extension and Nigerian pidgin (NP) expressions. Code-switching, for example, allows characters in Migratory to switch from one code to another, thereby providing information about their “multiple” selves. By broadening different communicative contexts, semantic extension transforms the characters’ settings, drawing attention to their fragmented identities. Through NP expressions, Specht showcases the different linguistic backgrounds manifest in the English community in the text, which reflects the different the socio-cultural identities in Nigeria. From these, we argue that Specht’s use of “Nigerianisms” in her novel discursively depicts the present reality of existence – people’s “transcultured selves”. Hence, Nigerianisms are exquisite examples of how contextualised uses of language reveal the very polygonal cultural existence of humanity.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Alexandrovna Gamalinskaya

The article is devoted to the study of code switching mechanisms in terms of language contacts in the space of literary texts. It considers the main concepts of the code switching theory. The research focuses on the classification of code switching functions in the space of a literary text (based on the novel Shantaram by G. D. Roberts). The relevance of the study is determined by the usage of modern literary text as a research material. The literary text is at the same time a product of “artistic communication in the culture of post-literacy” [1, 57] and a linguistic object that represents the literary norms of various languages, as well as dialects and colloquial forms of the languages presented. The article highlights the causes and goals of using various codes within the framework of a single communicative act in bilingual speech. As a result, the functional and linguistic features of code switching are analyzed and various classifications are described. Keywords: code, code switching, multilingualism, language contacts, communicative act


Author(s):  
Katalin Egri Ku-Mesu

In their seminal work The Empire Writes Back Ashcroft et al. (1989) identify code-switching between two or more codes in post-colonial literary texts as ‘the most common method of inscribing alterity’ (p.72). Ashcroft (2001) further develops the idea of installing cultural distinctiveness in the text and posits that, together with a wide range of other linguistic devices (e.g. neologisms, ethno-rhythmic prose), the use of code-switching – whether between the variants of the same language or between languages – has a metonymic function to inscribe cultural difference. In this chapter, I will examine the hybrid nature of post-colonial literary texts through the concepts of nativisation (Kachru, 1982a, 1982b, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1995) and indigenisation (Zabus, 1991, 2007). I will then focus on code-switching, adopting Myers-Scotton’s (1993) approach of matrix language vs. embedded language and considering that ‘EL [embedded language] material of any size, from a single morpheme or lexeme to several constituents, may be regarded as CS [code-switching] material’ (p.5). I will analyse examples of code-switching taken from modern Ghanaian English-language novels and short stories, and I will argue that a synecdochic relationship exists between the code-switched embedded language and the culture it originates from. I will contend that it is along the metonymic gap thus created by language variance that readers can be expected to be divided. I will briefly examine the types of authorial assistance that can be provided in order to make the text accessible to the reader, and I will illustrate, in Sperber and Wilson’s (1995) relevance theoretical framework, how different groups of readers cope with code-switched language left in the texts untranslated and/or unexplained. I will argue that by withdrawing assistance from the reader, the author makes it manifest that he concedes ‘the importance of meanibility’ (Ashcroft, 2001, p.76) and opts for the inscription of difference. I will conclude that the metonymic gap is not a simple bi-polar concept between coloniser and colonised culture but a multi-layered entity where the readers’ position in relation to the gap is indicative of their ability to interpret code-switched language unaided. Full appreciation of the writer’s meanings is shown by those readers who share both the writer’s cultural and linguistic experience. Other readers may be able to cross the metonymic gap to various degrees, but for them code-switched language will be the symbol of the writer’s difference of experience.


Multilingua ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 483-514
Author(s):  
Mohamed A. H. Ahmed

Abstract The translation of bilingual literary texts may challenge a translator when s/he needs to transfer some embedded, foreign codes from a language other than the dominant language of the source text (ST) into the target text (TT). This study analyses the way in which code-switching (CS) is transferred into a TT, looking at the translation strategies for CS in a non-European ST into European and non-European target texts. The source language text is Hebrew with Arabic incorporated into the Hebrew text in different ways, most often using CS. The target texts in the study are in Arabic, English, German and Italian languages. The main aim of this study is to show how code-switching in literary paradigms can be translated into a target text language, and to what extent the original structure of instances of CS is maintained, changed or even deleted in the target texts. The study compares four versions of target texts in Arabic, English, Italian and German, followed by an overview of how the same CS instances are transferred across different languages and cultures. Some problems and issues related to the transfer of instances of CS into the target texts are discussed in view of the typology of the CS strategy. The study concludes with an argument that a better understanding of literary CS terminology regarding both linguistic and creative features is necessary for a better translation of bilingual literary texts.


Author(s):  
Penelope Gardner-Chloros
Keyword(s):  

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