Minority language, ethnicity and the state in two African situations

2002 ◽  
pp. 154-200
Keyword(s):  
Minority Language ◽  
The State

scholarly journals Język jako wyznacznik tożsamości narodowej w europejskim systemie prawnym

2019 ◽  
pp. 403-435
Author(s):  
Witold Sobczak
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Minority Language ◽  
International Agreements ◽  
The State ◽  
National Minority ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
Territorial Boundaries ◽  
Open Question

The problem of protection languages of national minority in europeancountries is connected with necessity of protection minorities themselves.The term „minorities” and the scope of thers rights are open question. Theexistence of a minority in a particular countrys depends on the authorities’acknowledgment of this fact. The state must recognize the existence of minorities within its borders and grant them rights.Protection of the rights of national minorities, including the need to protect the minority language, belong to those issues which are of interest ofinternational organizations and institutions and are also subject to regulation in relevant treaties and international agreements. The identification ofnational minorities takes place through self-categorization and based oncomponents such as: language, cultural heritage, historical memory, community of symbols, territorial boundaries, possibly also religion, constitutingnational identity, and their development and cultivation is most often protected.

scholarly journals The Development of Mongolian as a Minority Language in digital spaces

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-76
Author(s):  
Kewen Xu
Keyword(s):  
State Level ◽  
Minority Language ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
The State ◽  
Minority Languages ◽  
South American ◽  
Crucial Point ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Given

Chaklader (1981) argues for adopting a definition of minority languages at the state level. A ‘minority language’, in the most straightforward sense, is simply one language spoken by less than 50 percent of a population within a specific geographic region which is different from the language of the majority community and the language of the state. The crucial point is the proportion of speaker population in the given region or country. In other words, a minority language might be only a minority language in this specific region, but a majority language in other region (Grenoble, 2014). For example, Spanish is the majority language in a group of south American countries, however, it is a minority language in the USA in general. Mongolian, is also an example of this kind of minority language.

The Voting Rights Act's Pre-Clearance Provisions: The Experience of Native Americans in South Dakota

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Reith Schroedel ◽  
Joey Torres ◽  
Andrea Walters ◽  
Joseph Dietrich
Keyword(s):  
Native Americans ◽  
South Dakota ◽  
Extreme Case ◽  
Voting Rights ◽  
Minority Language ◽  
The State ◽  
Voting Rights Act ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Shelby County

During the 1965 debates over the Voting Rights Act, there are only two brief mentions of Native Americans. During the Act's 1975 renewal, Native Americans were mentioned only with respect to their inclusion under the minority language provisions. At no point did the applicability of Section 5's pre-clearance provisions to political jurisdictions with histories of discrimination against Native Americans generate discussion. They also were ignored in the Supreme Court's 2013 Shelby County v. Holder decision, where Section 4(b) that established the criteria for establishing Section 5 covered jurisdictions was found to be unconstitutional. In this paper, we examine struggles over Section 5 pre-clearance in South Dakota, as well as the challenges of legal attempts to establish “covered jurisdictions” using the more stringent standard required in Section 2. We focus on South Dakota because it is a state with a long, troubled history of discrimination towards Native peoples. It also is the state with the highest number of voting rights cases involving Native Americans. Although a state that has been labeled “the Mississippi of the North” is an extreme case, we argue that it is precisely those settings that make pre-clearance so critical.

Practical Picture Processing

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 338-339
Author(s):  
T. A. Welton
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Damage ◽  
Coherence Length ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Coherent Radiation ◽  
The State ◽  
Energy Spread ◽  
Electron Micrograph ◽  
Picture Processing ◽  
Molecular Skeleton

Various authors have emphasized the spatial information resident in an electron micrograph taken with adequately coherent radiation. In view of the completion of at least one such instrument, this opportunity is taken to summarize the state of the art of processing such micrographs. We use the usual symbols for the aberration coefficients, and supplement these with £ and 6 for the transverse coherence length and the fractional energy spread respectively. He also assume a weak, biologically interesting sample, with principal interest lying in the molecular skeleton remaining after obvious hydrogen loss and other radiation damage has occurred.

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