The Voting Rights Act's Pre-Clearance Provisions: The Experience of Native Americans in South Dakota

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Reith Schroedel ◽  
Joey Torres ◽  
Andrea Walters ◽  
Joseph Dietrich
Keyword(s):  
Native Americans ◽  
South Dakota ◽  
Extreme Case ◽  
Voting Rights ◽  
Minority Language ◽  
The State ◽  
Voting Rights Act ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Shelby County

During the 1965 debates over the Voting Rights Act, there are only two brief mentions of Native Americans. During the Act's 1975 renewal, Native Americans were mentioned only with respect to their inclusion under the minority language provisions. At no point did the applicability of Section 5's pre-clearance provisions to political jurisdictions with histories of discrimination against Native Americans generate discussion. They also were ignored in the Supreme Court's 2013 Shelby County v. Holder decision, where Section 4(b) that established the criteria for establishing Section 5 covered jurisdictions was found to be unconstitutional. In this paper, we examine struggles over Section 5 pre-clearance in South Dakota, as well as the challenges of legal attempts to establish “covered jurisdictions” using the more stringent standard required in Section 2. We focus on South Dakota because it is a state with a long, troubled history of discrimination towards Native peoples. It also is the state with the highest number of voting rights cases involving Native Americans. Although a state that has been labeled “the Mississippi of the North” is an extreme case, we argue that it is precisely those settings that make pre-clearance so critical.

After the Voting Rights Act

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas A. Powe
Keyword(s):  
Attorney General ◽  
Voting Rights ◽  
The State ◽  
Voting Rights Act ◽  
Voter Identification ◽  
Shelby County ◽  
The One ◽  
Voter Fraud ◽  
Voter Id ◽  
The U.S

This chapter discusses the legal battles over the issue on voting rights in Texas. The Voting Rights Act, with its preclearance requirements for the South, was adopted in 1965 and reauthorized in 1970, 1975, 1982, and 2006. A few days after the 2006 reauthorization, the municipal utility district (MUD), created in Austin, Texas, in the 1980s, sued the U.S. attorney general, claiming that it should be allowed the advantage of the “bailout” (from preclearance) provisions of the Act. Edward Blum was the man behind the lawsuit. The chapter examines the MUD case and the one that followed it, Shelby County v. Holder. It also considers the efforts of Republicans to prevent voter fraud in the state through voter identification, resulting in SB 14, or voter ID bill, in the Texas Senate.

Ras al Khaimah: further archaeological discoveries

Antiquity ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 50 (200) ◽  
pp. 216-222
Author(s):  
Beatrice De Cardi
Keyword(s):  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
The State ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City

Ras a1 Khaimah is the most northerly of the seven states comprising the United Arab Emirates and its Ruler, H. H. Sheikh Saqr bin Mohammad al-Qasimi, is keenly interested in the history of the state and its people. Survey carried out there jointly with Dr D. B. Doe in 1968 had focused attention on the site of JuIfar which lies just north of the present town of Ras a1 Khaimah (de Cardi, 1971, 230-2). Julfar was in existence in Abbasid times and its importance as an entrep6t during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries-the Portuguese Period-is reflected by the quantity and variety of imported wares to be found among the ruins of the city. Most of the sites discovered during the survey dated from that period but a group of cairns near Ghalilah and some long gabled graves in the Shimal area to the north-east of the date-groves behind Ras a1 Khaimah (map, FIG. I) clearly represented a more distant past.

scholarly journals The fate of the Russian archaeologist at the era-breaking time

2021 ◽  
pp. 185-193
Author(s):  
Mironenko Maria P. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
The State ◽  
Active Participant ◽  
The North ◽  
Art And Culture ◽  
Russian North ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Breaking Time ◽  
Written Sources

The article is devoted to the fate of an archaeologist, historian, employee of the Rumyantsev Museum, local historian, head of the section for the protection of museums and monuments of art and antiquities in Arkhangelsk, member and active participant of the Arkhangelsk Church Archaeological Committee and the Arkhangelsk Society for the Study of Russian North K.N. Lyubarsky (1886–1920). The Department of Written Sources of the State Historical Museum stores his archive, which sheds light on the history of his struggle to protect churches and other monuments of art and culture dying in the North of Russia during the revolution and civil war, for the creation of the Arkhangelsk Regional Museum.

scholarly journals Lotniska komunikacyjne w Polsce po 1918 roku

2020 ◽  
Vol 147 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-596
Author(s):  
Janusz Kaliński
Keyword(s):  
Interwar Period ◽  
Third Republic ◽  
The State ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Fourfold Increase ◽  
Passenger Traffic ◽  
The Third ◽  
The North ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
History Of

Communication airports in Poland after 1918 The history of communication airports coincides with the century-long existence of the reborn Polish State, because it was only after 1918 that the first airports adapted to passenger traffic were established in the country. Two periods of their development deserve particular attention: the interwar period, in which the communication aviation was born, and the time after 2004, when its rapid expansion was noted. The establishment and development of the communication aviation of the Second Polish Republic was strongly associated with the statist policy aimed at modernizing the state. This is evidenced by the construction of airports in Warsaw, Gdynia, Katowice, Łódź and Vilnius, whose activities have helped to integrate the country after the years of partitions. In People’s Poland, civilian communication was based on a network of military airports, which was supplemented with a new airport in Gdańsk-Rębiechów. Large areas of the north-eastern voivodeships were excluded from air connections and timid attempts to overcome these disproportions only appeared in the Third Republic of Poland in the form of airports in Lublin and Radom. The fourfold increase in the number of passengers served by Polish airports in 2004–2016 was an unquestionable phenomenon influenced by the Open Sky policy.

scholarly journals Polish Dialectal Phrasematics – the State of Research (for the Five-year Period 2015–2020), Methods and Perspectives

2021 ◽  
pp. 229-241
Author(s):  
Maciej Rak
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Research Trend ◽  
The Third ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
North And South

The article has three goals. The first is to present the history of research on Polish dialectal phrasematics. In particular, attention was paid to the last five years, i.e. the period 2015–2020. The works in question were ordered according to the dialectological key, taking into account the following dialects: Greater Polish, Masovian, Silesian, Lesser Polish, and the North and South-Eastern dialects. The second goal is to indicate the methodologies that have so far been used to describe dialectal phrasematics. Initially, component analysis was used, which was part of the structuralist research trend, later (more or less from the late 1980s) the ethnolinguistic approach, especially the description of the linguistic picture of the world, began to dominate. The third goal of the article is to provide perspectives. The author once again (as he did it in his earlier works) postulates the preparation of a dictionary of Polish dialectal phrasematics.

Accommodation and Welfare of the Special Settlers of Kuban in the 1930s (on the Example of Karaganda Region)

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10 (108)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Arailym Mussagaliyeva
Keyword(s):  
Living Arrangements ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
The State ◽  
State Archive ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Contingent Labor ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Karaganda Region

The article is devoted to the history of the special settlers of the North Caucasus, including their placement and living arrangements in the of Central and Northern Kazakhstan, including on of the Karaganda region. The main attention in the article is paid to a special contingent, labor settlers from the Kuban in 1932—1933. Their history in modern science has not yet been studied. The article uses archival documents of the central, regional and local archives of Kazakhstan, including the Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the State Archive of the Karaganda Region, the State Archive of the Akmola Region, the State Archive of the Social and Political History of the Turkestan Region, the State Archive of the city of Temirtau, the State Archive of the Osakarovsky District of the Karaganda Region, the State archive of the Shortandy district of the Akmola region. Published documents in collections of documents from Russia and Kazakhstan were analyzed.

ADZHIEL TRACT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE LOCAL HISTORY OF THE CRIMEAN AZOV REGION: KEY RESULTS AND PROSPECTS OF RESEARCH

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6/2) ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
Sergey V. YARTSEV ◽  
Viktor G. ZUBAREV ◽  
Sergey L. SMEKALOV
Keyword(s):  
Local History ◽  
The State ◽  
Source Analysis ◽  
Archaeological Material ◽  
The North ◽  
Kerch Peninsula ◽  
Azov Region ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Eastern Crimea ◽  
History Of

The object of the research is the peculiarities of the historical process on the Kerch Peninsula in the context of the local history of one of its regions. The authors conduct a detailed study of the most inhabited region of the Crimean Azov region – the Adzhiel tract, located in the western part of the peninsula to the territory adjacent to the Kazantip Bay. This gully, which goes in the north-western and south-eastern direction, fences off a significant part of the Kerch peninsula and represents one of the natural protective boundaries of the Eastern Crimea. The subject of research is to reconstruct the historical picture of the area, to define the main results and prospects for further research. Relying on a wide range of sources, primarily on the archaeological material of their own perennial excavations in the specified area, with the use of the source analysis method, the authors consider the known facts and events of the ancient history of the Kerch Peninsula in a new way. The methodological basis of the work is objectivity and historicism, which contributed to conducting of unbiased research. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time on a wide material, the stages of the historical development of one of the regions of the Kerch Peninsula were highlighted and the actual directions for further research in this area were identified. Due to the abundance of water and fertile soil, the Adzhiel tract was almost always inhabited by people. However, the most intense events occurred in the tract in the era of the Bosporus kingdom, when a system of defensive fortifications of the western borders of the state functioned here. Perhaps this system was more complicated than it previously seemed. This is indicated by the remains of another, previously unknown tower discovered by the authors in 2018. Thus, the authors conclude that the further prospects of research in the Adzhiel tract are connected both with the detailed reconstruction of the defence system of the Bosporus on the western frontiers of the state and also with the continuation of the study of Christian antiquities, including medieval time, and the religious life of the population of the Khazar Khaganate.

scholarly journals FEDERALISM, SUBSIDIARITY, AND VOTING RIGHTS: CRITIQUING THE SHELBY COUNTY DECISION THROUGH JOHANNES ALTHUSIUS AND CATHOLIC SOCIAL TEACHING

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-171
Author(s):  
Jonathan Rothchild
Keyword(s):  
Voting Rights ◽  
Social Teaching ◽  
Voting Rights Act ◽  
Department Of Justice ◽  
Felon Disenfranchisement ◽  
Voter Identification ◽  
Shelby County ◽  
Theological Critique ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Basic Features

AbstractThis article develops a legal and theological critique of the Shelby County, Alabama v. Holder decision that dismantled portions of the Voting Rights Act. Defending the Voting Rights Act in light of four basic features of voting rights—access, participation, empowerment, and expression of conscience—I refute the Shelby decision in terms of its oversimplified notions of discrimination and its overly narrow construal of federalism as state sovereignty and equality. I draw upon Catholic social teaching's subsidiarity and Johannes Althusius's federalism to defend the individual and communal dimensions of voting rights. I examine post-Shelby developments, including voter-identification laws, and I argue that such laws are unfounded and have deleterious effects. I conclude by offering modest recommendations for a post-Shelby world, including continued roles for Congress and the Department of Justice, the use of intermediary organizations, and the rescinding of felon disenfranchisement laws.

scholarly journals Quantitative study of the evolution of notified cases of Zika Virus and the relationship with rainfall indexes in the state of Rondônia

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Aline Maricato Da Silva ◽  
Wesley Joventino Prati ◽  
Gisleive Gões Da Silva Correia ◽  
Pamella De Oliveira Cunha ◽  
Francisco Carlos Da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Zika Virus ◽  
Health Surveillance ◽  
Clinical Development ◽  
The State ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
The North ◽  
Rainfall Index ◽  
History Of ◽  
Medical Importance ◽  
The Relationship

<p><strong>Introduction:</strong> The Zika Virus is a virus transmitted by the mosquito <em>Aedes aegypti</em>, which is of great medical importance because it causes numerous public health issues. <strong>Objective:</strong> The aim of this study is to describe the history of probable cases of the infection caused by the Zika Virus in the state of Rondônia from January 2016 to December 2018, demonstrating the relation between the evolution of cases (increase or decrease) with the rainfall indexes occurred during the study period. Additionally, to compare the reported cases in the state of Rondônia with the other states of the North region and to compare the reported cases in the North region with other regions of the country. <strong>Methods:</strong> The data collected for statistical analysis were acquired through epidemiological bulletins published by the Secretariat of Health Surveillance and by the Ministry of Health. <strong>Results:</strong> The data demonstrated a total of 1,107 probable cases of the acute disease caused by the Zika Virus between the years of 2016 and 2018 in the state of Rondônia, being that 89% of this total were registered only in 2016, demonstrating a relation with the high rainfall index occurred in the same year in the state. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Considering the findings of this study, the development of new studies addressing the clinical development of the disease among those notified with the infection becomes of extreme scientific relevance.</p>

scholarly journals RECORD OF A POPULATION AND DESCRIPTION OF SOME ASPECTS OF THE LIFE HISTORY OF Notocitellus adocetus IN THE NORTH OF THE STATE OF GUERRERO, MEXICO

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Daniel Flores-Alta ◽  
Francisco A. Rivera-Ortíz ◽  
Ana M. Contreras-González
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
The State ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of
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