Traumatic Events, Psychiatric Disorders, and Pathways of Risk and Resilience During the Transition to Adulthood

2018 ◽  
pp. 259-290
Author(s):  
Betsy J. Feldman ◽  
Rand D. Conger ◽  
Rebecca G. Burzette
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Transition To Adulthood ◽  
Traumatic Events ◽  
Risk And Resilience

Understanding risk and resilience in maltreated children

2019 ◽  
pp. 304-323
Author(s):  
Joan Kaufman ◽  
Janitza L Montalvo-Ortiz ◽  
Richard S Lee
Keyword(s):  
Child Abuse ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Neural Plasticity ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Risk And Resilience ◽  
Poor Treatment ◽  
History Of

Individuals with a history of child abuse are at high risk for a broad range of psychiatric and substance use disorders. This chapter reviews key findings from research on the genetics of child abuse-related psychiatric disorders, neuroimaging investigations with maltreated youth, and resiliency studies. Relevant empirical work in the field was reviewed, with an emphasis on prior reviews, meta-analytic studies, and recent publications. Genetic factors are not associated with distinct psychiatric disorders but rather diverse clinical phenotypes, and a history of abuse is frequently associated with alterations in structural and functional brain changes across multiple brain regions and circuits that mediate a wide variety of emotional and cognitive processes. Heterogeneity in clinical outcome and brain measures varies as a function of a wide range of factors, and emerging findings on genetic and neural plasticity offers significant promise in understanding risk and resilience in maltreated youth. Child maltreatment is a strong predictor of early onset of psychiatric illness, increased comorbidity, and poor treatment response; however, a history of abuse need not lead to the development of psychiatric problems. Risk is altered by genetic factors, and can be ameliorated by positive factors in the environment—including the availability of positive support, enrichment experiences, and the delivery of evidence-based psychotherapeutic clinical interventions. Future multidisciplinary and translational studies will help to further delineate the mechanisms by which experiences of maltreatment confers risk for psychopathology, as well as help to further delineate factors associated with resiliency.

PTSD in Women Who Served as Nurses in Vietnam

2018 ◽  
pp. 201-240
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Yager ◽  
Bruce P. Dohrenwend
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Operating Room ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Traumatic Events ◽  
Combat Exposure ◽  
Large Majority ◽  
Male Veterans ◽  
Related Stress ◽  
Positive Effect

This chapter reviews nurses’ traumatic events and stressful war-time experiences. Onset of war-related PTSD and its persistence many years after nurses’ service were elevated among those who had pre-Vietnam vulnerabilities, particularly pre-war psychiatric disorders. The rate of war-related PTSD onset among nurses was higher than that among male veterans with low probable combat exposure; and the odds of its persistence were nearly four times higher among nurses than among male veterans with moderate probable combat exposure. Likely sources of war-related stress among the nurses included their service in the operating room, their personal risk of enemy attack, and of sexual harassment and attack by fellow American soldiers. Nevertheless, the large majority of nurses reported a strong positive effect of military service on their lives.

scholarly journals Increase in Untreated Cases of Psychiatric Disorders During the Transition to Adulthood

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Copeland ◽  
Lilly Shanahan ◽  
Maryann Davis ◽  
Barbara J. Burns ◽  
Adrian Angold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Transition To Adulthood

scholarly journals A Qualitative Study of Risk and Resilience in Young Adult Women With a History of Juvenile-onset Fibromyalgia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgan Daffin ◽  
Mary Lynch Milder ◽  
Robert C. Gibler ◽  
Caitlin Murray ◽  
Carly Green ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Transition To Adulthood ◽  
Multidisciplinary Care ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Risk And Resilience ◽  
Juvenile Onset ◽  
Associated Symptoms

Abstract Background. Juvenile-onset Fibromyalgia (JFM) is a chronic pain condition characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, sleep difficulties, mood concerns, and other associated symptoms. Although diagnosed in childhood, JFM often persists into adulthood can result in continued physical, social, and psychological impairment. The purpose of this qualitative study was to identify themes of risk and resilience for long-term outcomes among young adults diagnosed with JFM in childhood. Methods. The sample included 13 young adults (ages 26-34) who had been diagnosed with JFM in adolescence. Focus groups were used to elicit qualitative information about living with JFM and perceived challenges and buffering factors impacting their adjustment. Results. The majority of participants (80%, N=12) continued to meet criteria for fibromyalgia (FM). An iterative, thematic analysis revealed themes of resilience (e.g., greater acceptance, re-setting expectations, active coping, addressing mental health) and risk (e.g., lack of information, stigma, isolation, negative healthcare experiences). Conclusion. Results suggest the need for longer follow-up of youth with JFM as they transition to adulthood with multidisciplinary care and more attention to education about JFM and associated symptoms such as fatigue, as well as ongoing support for coping and mental health needs. A holistic approach to care during the transition years could be beneficial to minimize impact of JFM on long-term functioning.

scholarly journals Epidemiologic Studies of Trauma, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and other Psychiatric Disorders

2002 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
pp. 923-929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi Breslau
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Events ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Community Residents ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
Definition Of

This paper reviews recent epidemiologic studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the general population. Estimates of the prevalence of exposure to traumatic events vary with the method used to ascertain trauma exposure and the definition of the stressor criterion. Changes in the DSM-IV definition of “stressor” have increased the number of traumatic events experienced in the community that can be used to diagnose PTSD and thus, the number of PTSD cases. Risk factors for PTSD in adults vary across studies. The 3 factors identified as having relatively uniform effects are 1) preexisting psychiatric disorders, 2) a family history of disorders, and 3) childhood trauma. In civilian populations, women are at a higher risk for PTSD than are men, following exposure to traumatic events. Most community residents have experienced 1 or more PTSD-level traumas in their lifetime, but only a few succumb to PTSD. Trauma victims who do not succumb to PTSD are not at an elevated risk for the subsequent onset of major depression or substance use disorders, compared with unexposed persons.

scholarly journals Association of traumatic events with levels of psychological distress and depressive symptoms in male asylum seekers and refugees resettled in Italy

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michela Nosè ◽  
Lorenzo Tarsitani ◽  
Federico Tedeschi ◽  
Claudia Lotito ◽  
Paola Massetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Social Support ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Asylum Seekers ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Traumatic Events ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Asylum Seekers And Refugees

Abstract Background In recent years there has been a progressive rise in the number of asylum seekers and refugees displaced from their country of origin, with significant social, economic, public health and mental health implications. The aim of this study is to (1) describe the level of psychological distress and frequency of psychiatric disorders in a sample of male asylum seekers and refugees across different ethnic groups resettled in Italy; (2) establish whether the number of traumatic events experienced before, during and after the migration process is associated with level of psychological distress and depressive symptoms. Methods In two large Italian catchment areas, over a period of 1 year a consecutive series of male asylum seekers and refugees, aged 18 or above and included in the Italian protection system, were screened for psychological distress and psychiatric disorders using validated questionnaires. Results During the study period, 252 male asylum seekers or refugees were recruited. More than one-third of the participants (34.5%) showed clinically relevant psychological distress, and one-fourth (22.2%), met the criteria for a psychiatric diagnosis, mainly Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and depressive disorders. The number of traumatic events turned out to be a risk factor for both clinically relevant psychological distress and depressive disorders. Receiving good social support emerged as a protective factor, while migrants with unclear status were at higher risk of psychological distress than those holding or awaiting a permission. Discussion In an unselected sample of male asylum seekers and refugees, after around 1 year of resettlement in Italy, the frequency of psychological distress and psychiatric disorders was substantial and clinically relevant. The association between traumatic events, especially post-migration problems, and mental health conditions suggests the need of developing services to assist refugees and asylum seekers to address the multi-faceted problems they experience, such as social support in host country, legal problems concerning permit status and asylum procedure, and family reunification, as well as addressing trauma and mental health issues.

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