Ørsted, Hans Christian (1777–1851)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew D. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Albert Einstein ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Dynamical Theory ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Religious Instruction ◽  
Natural Laws ◽  
James Clerk Maxwell ◽  
Heinrich Hertz ◽  
Unified View ◽  
Michael Faraday

Hans Christian Ørsted, the Danish chemist and physicist, discovered electromagnetism in 1820. This epochal discovery fundamentally changed the development of physical science, leading to the ground-breaking research of Michael Faraday, Andre-Marie Ampere, James Clerk Maxwell, Heinrich Hertz, Albert Einstein, and others. In his scientific work, Ørsted espoused a dynamical theory of matter which had its roots in Immanuel Kant’s metaphysics of nature, and he remained committed to the belief in the fundamental interconnection of natural forces, a commitment that can be traced back to his religious instruction as a youth and to Friedrich von Schelling’s Naturphilosophie. During the early years of his career, he strove to provide a rigorous metaphysical foundation for the science of chemistry. Throughout his life and scientific work, Ørsted understood natural laws and phenomena to be the rational revelation of God, and sought to develop a unified view of nature reflecting this belief.

scholarly journals Uma análise histórica da construção de significados físicos para o conceito de potencial vetor no eletromagnetismo clássico

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 798-822
Author(s):  
Aldo Aoyagui Gomes Pereira ◽  
Cibelle Celestino Silva
Keyword(s):  
James Clerk Maxwell ◽  
Heinrich Hertz ◽  
Michael Faraday

Atualmente o conceito de potencial vetor é geralmente tratado nos livros-texto e ensinado nos cursos universitários de eletromagnetismo como um artifício matemático para o cálculo dos campos elétrico e magnético. Porém, a investigação histórica da origem e desenvolvimento deste conceito, principalmente nos trabalhos de Michael Faraday e James Clerk Maxwell, nos deu indícios de que estes cientistas atribuíam significados físicos e análogos mecânicos a grandezas que atualmente recebem a denominação de potencial vetor. No contexto no qual estes cientistas trabalhavam, segunda metade de século XIX, a comunidade científica considerava que os fenômenos eletromagnéticos ocorriam em um éter com propriedades mecânicas e que as grandezas eletromagnéticas deveriam ter análogos mecânicos. No final deste mesmo século, alguns físicos, entre eles, Oliver Heaviside e Heinrich Hertz, reformularam a teoria de Maxwell, abandonando a interpretação física dada por Maxwell ao potencial vetor. Neste trabalho, discutimos sinteticamente como se deu esse processo de mudança. Para isso, realizamos um estudo histórico pautado em fontes primárias e secundárias sobre o assunto e, por último, investigamos a abordagem usada em alguns livros-texto de eletromagnetismo no ensino deste conceito. Apresentamos ainda, indícios de que o abandono da interpretação física ao conceito de potencial vetor esteve associado a posturas filosóficas e metodológicas, bem como ao interesse em solucionar problemas práticos, na recente indústria de cabos telegráficos na Grã-Bretanha do século XIX.

scholarly journals Michael Faraday

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas John Meurig
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Albert Einstein ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Natural Philosopher ◽  
Profound Influence ◽  
The Gift ◽  
Michael Faraday

Michael Faraday, self-taught and without any particular scientific knowledge, from an errand boy of the humblest origins became one of the greatest Englishmen of all time. With simple determination and extraordinary intuition he arrived at the scientific discoveries upon which most of the technology of the twentieth century is based. His life and works had a profound influence upon contemporary thought, inspiring and supplementing the work of other great intellects, such as Clerk Maxwell and Albert Einstein. John Meurig Thomas, continuing the tradition of the spreading of scientific knowledge of which Michael Faraday is such a shining example, has the gift of illustrating the history and scientific work of this natural philosopher with a style, at once simple and precisely accurate, that makes it accessible to all. Faraday's fascinating and richly detailed story is accompanied by a series of drawings, photographs and letters, material that is largely original.

Faraday and Maxwell

Lightspeed ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 91-111
Author(s):  
John C. H. Spence
Keyword(s):  
Displacement Current ◽  
Optical Effect ◽  
Radio Waves ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Charge Balance ◽  
James Clerk Maxwell ◽  
Horse Riding ◽  
Magneto Optical Effect ◽  
Michael Faraday ◽  
First Time

The story of Michael Faraday and the development of field theory in the early nineteenth century and his discovery of the magneto-optical effect, which linked the study of optics and light to electromagnetism for the first time, and led to the discovery of the displacement current. The integration of electrostatics and electromagnetism by James Clerk Maxwell and others. How Maxwell discovered his great equations, which predict a constant speed of light and show that light is an electromagnetic wave. How the symmetry which resulted from his displacement current provided an important clue for Einstein’s theory. Maxwell’s current-charge balance apparatus, which allowed him to measure the speed of light by purely electrical means. How Maxwell’s equations were later used in the discovery of radio waves. Maxwell’s life and interests, from poetry to horse riding and guitar. Kelvin and the laying of the Atlantic cable.

A debate on magnetic current: the troubled Einstein–Ehrenhaft correspondence

2010 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-400
Author(s):  
GILDO MAGALHÃES SANTOS
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
General Public ◽  
Albert Einstein ◽  
Magnetic Monopoles ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Early Years ◽  
World War ◽  
Magnetic Current ◽  
Scientific Controversies ◽  
Second World

AbstractThe unconventional correspondence between physicists Albert Einstein and Felix Ehrenhaft, especially at the height of the alleged production by the latter of magnetic monopoles, is examined in the following paper. Almost unknown by the general public, it is sometimes witty, yet it can be pathetic, and certainly bewildering. At one point the arguments they exchanged became a poetic duel between Einstein and Ehrenhaft's wife. Ignored by conventional Einstein biographies, this episode took place during the initial years of the Second World War, but was rooted in disputes dating back to the early years of the twentieth century. The interesting intersection of a series of scientific controversies also highlights some aspects of the personal dramas involved, and after so many years the whole affair in itself is still intriguing.

scholarly journals 150 Years Physics based on the Wrong Equation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim Vegt
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Quantum Physics ◽  
Energy Transport ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Albert Einstein ◽  
Scientific Publication ◽  
Dynamical Theory ◽  
Nikola Tesla ◽  
Way Of Thinking

When we look at todays Physics, we can only be impressed by an enormous amount of knowledge and a complete New World of technical applications that has never been in the world before. We now live in the century of the impressive victory of the new science and the new technology over the old-fashioned world and the old-fashioned way of thinking. Great changings in the way of thinking and the technological achievements are mostly characterized by an important scientific publication in a century that changes everything in that century. We can recognize the century of Isaac Newton who triggered in 1687 the large changings in thinking with his famous publication “Philisophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica” (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy).We recognize the century of James Clerk Maxwell who triggered in 1865 the large changings in thinking with his famous publication “A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field”.We recognize the century of Albert Einstein who triggered in 1905 the large changings in thinking with his famous theory of Special Relativity represented in his publication “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies”. Manifesting a “New Theory” and a “New Way of Thinking” with important contributions of Hendrik Lorentz, Henri Poincaré and Hermann Minkowski.It is recognizable that with the suddenly changing in thinking in a new period, a new kind of mutual common sense and a general agreement by many scientists of the the new theory and the new way of thinking rises. The new theory becomes like a medieval town with a large high wall around it. The New Theory will be protected by common sense and mutual agreement. This new way of thinking settles down in the scientific society and become immovable. Other options disappear and simply do not exist anymore. Books from Wim Vegt in the series: “The POWER OF LIGHT”:10) The Nikola Tesla Way of Energy Transport. (E-book) ISBN: 9789402191349. Paperback ISBN: 9789402190984.9) The Rise of ELF Electromagnetic Attack Weapons and the Necessity of the Development of Corresponding ELF Defense Systems. (E-book) ISBN: 9789402189544. Paperback ISBN: 97894021891178) Unified 4-Dimensional Hyperspace Equilibrium. (E-book) ISBN: 9789402181036. Paperback ISBN: 97894021809857) Beyond Superstrings. (E-book) ISBN: 9789402179668. Paperback ISBN: 97894021796376) The Hidden World Behind Superstrings. (E-book) ISBN: 97894021800535) Light is the Bridge between God, Relativity and Quantum Physics (E-book) ISBN: 97894021789754) The Particle-Wave-Mass Unification. A New Theory in Quantum Physics. (E-book) ISBN: 9789402178647. Paperback ISBN: 97894021785863) The Tri-Unity in Religion and in Science. (Paperback) ISBN: 97894021785312) The Power of the LIGHT rules over the SHADOWS of the DARKNESS (Paperback) ISBN: 97894021783261) The Bridge of Light (E-book) ISBN: 9789402177947. Paperback ISBN: 9789402177763

scholarly journals Sesquicentennial of the presentation by James Clerk Maxwell of his paper "A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field" to the Royal Society of London

2015 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 1560070
Author(s):  
Asghar Qadir ◽  
D. P. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Dynamical Theory ◽  
Professional Life ◽  
Kinetic Theory Of Gases ◽  
Unified Theory ◽  
Major Work ◽  
James Clerk Maxwell ◽  
Electricity And Magnetism ◽  
Royal Society Of London

James Clerk Maxwell is generally regarded as the greatest contributor to the development of Physics in the time between Newton and Einstein. His most important contributions are the Kinetic Theory of Gases and Electromagnetism which is the unified theory of Electricity and Magnetism. Although his major work on Electromagnetism was published in 1865 it was read at a meeting of the Royal Society of London in 1864. The sesquicentennial of the theory correctly falls in 2014. In this article that event is celebrated. Parts of his early and professional life are described. Aspects of his many contributions are discussed but mainly we concentrate on his contributions through thermal and electromagnetic Physics.

Sir Walter Morley Fletcher, 1873 - 1933

1933 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-163
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Work ◽  
Fiftieth Anniversary ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Sixtieth Birthday ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Art And Culture ◽  
The Church ◽  
At Home

Sir Walter Morley Fletcher died on June 7, 1933, with unlooked for suddenness when he was just approaching his sixtieth birthday, but when his physique and brain were still those of a man in the most vigorous prime. Years of fruitful work had seemed to lie ahead of him, for he embodied the strength of a family of tenacious vitality. His father and mother had each lived beyond the ninetieth year, and all their ten children were alive when they celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of their wedding day. Walter Fletcher was their youngest and sixth son, being born in 1873. His parents on both sides were from Yorkshire, and of that independent spirit which showed itself in Nonconformity to the Church. They were Congregationalists, and in each of them religion was blended with a sensitiveness to art and culture that made goodness and beauty seem to them almost the same. Walter Fletcher never lost these spiritual impressions that he received in his early years at home. His praise of clean scientific work rose to its highest appreciation when he spoke deliberately of its beauty, and characteristically in public addresses he was wont to choose a phrase from the Bible or related sources when he wished to express emotions that had been stirring deeply within him.

scholarly journals The museum in the lab: historical practice in the experimental sciences at Cambridge, 1874–1936

BJHS Themes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 245-271
Author(s):  
BORIS JARDINE
Keyword(s):  
Early Years ◽  
Cavendish Laboratory ◽  
Experimental Physics ◽  
James Clerk Maxwell ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Historical Practices ◽  
The Way ◽  
Historical Practice

AbstractThis paper explores the hoarding, collecting and occasional display of old apparatus in new laboratories. The first section uses a 1936 exhibition of Cambridge's scientific relics as a jumping-off point to survey the range of historical practices in the various Cambridge laboratories. This panoramic approach is intended to show the variety and complexity of pasts that scientists had used material to conjure in the years prior to the exhibition. Commerce and commemoration emerge as two key themes. The second part turns to the Cavendish Laboratory (experimental physics) to explore the highly specific senses of time and memorialization at play in the early years of the laboratory (c.1874–1910), and the way these were transformed over the subsequent generations leading up to the 1936 moment. The key figure here is James Clerk Maxwell, whose turn to history involved a mix of antiquarianism and modernism. The paper concludes with an attempt to characterize the meanings and significances of ‘the museum in the lab’. This phenomenon ought to be understood in terms of the wide range of ‘collections’ present in laboratory spaces.

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