Energy in Rural Areas Third World

2019 ◽  
pp. 129-135
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Third World

The Persistence of Subsistence and the Limits to Development Studies: The Challenge of Tanzania

Africa ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 614-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tony Waters
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Third World ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
System Development ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
World System ◽  
Development Studies ◽  
Capitalist System ◽  
Rural Tanzania

AbstractThere are two general approaches to assessing what is known as ‘development’. First, there are classical accounts focusing on Europe's development during the industrial revolution. They describe how urban areas expanded at the expense of the social and economic resources of the rural areas, disrupting an independent subsistence peasantry. A major consequence is that today all Europeans are dependent socially, politically, and economically on the modern capitalist system. The second (more common) approach to development focuses on the modern Third World. This approach assumes that, as with Europe, the entire Third World is dependent on the modern capitalist system. Development studies focus on the assessment of how Third World countries can most effectively engage world capitalism. Discussion is typically reduced to comparisons between world systems theory and neoclassical economics. The Tanzanian government has used standard policies grounded in neoclassical and world‐system assumptions since independence. But both policies failed to produce the predicted economic growth. This article argues that both policies failed because the Tanzanian peasantry, like the early modern European peasantry, is not dependent on the operation of world capitalism for basic subsistence. In fact, as studies have shown, rural Tanzania is only weakly incorporated into the capitalist world system, and in consequence has not been an easy target for what world‐system theorists call ‘peripheral integration’. What makes Tanzania different is the fact that the rural peasantry do not use market mechanisms in the distribution of the ‘means of production’, especially arable land for swidden agriculture, or, for that matter, labour or cattle.

scholarly journals UNE ETUDE DES DETERMINISMES A LA BASE DE L’ECHEC SCOLAIRE LE CAS DES PAYS DU TIERS MONDE(1)

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. K. Nzunga
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Third World ◽  
Efficient Solution ◽  
Language Of Instruction ◽  
Financial Status ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Third World ◽  
Culture Of Origin

Fare has been established as a major issue, in primary and secondary schools within the Third World countries. This work sets out to reveal the possible determinants of this phenomenon. A comparison between performance in the rural areas and the urban areas has produced a lot of data on the determinants of school failure and repetition. The researcher seeks to establish the link between failure and the level of intelligence of the learners, the language of instruction, the financial status of the family and the culture of origin. The researcher hopes that by so doing, it would be easier to find a practical and efficient solution, to this problem, which is a great stambling block in the Third World countries.

Drug control: a prerequisite for health

1980 ◽  
Vol 209 (1174) ◽  
pp. 159-163
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Third World ◽  
Health Care Expenditure ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Care Needs ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Pharmaceutical Manufacturers ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Limited List

The purchase of drugs employs an increasingly large part of the health budget of many Third World countries. Like health care expenditure as a whole, drug spending is heavily biased in favour of urban hospitals, often for expensive proprietary drugs that offer little benefit over cheaper preparations. As a result, because limited funds are available, vaccines and drugs for prevention and primary care are sometimes unavailable, especially in rural areas. The World Health Organization and many individual countries have responded to the problem of drug costs by creating a limited list of drugs considered essential for health care needs. Other methods of curtailing spending on drugs have included tendering for supplies and the establishment of plants to manufacture and formulate drugs. Controls of this type meet enormous resistance from doctors and pharmaceutical manufacturers, but are vital for the implementation of policies for appropriate health care.

scholarly journals Depression and Coping among Women Working In Rural Areas

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lalitha, K. ◽  
Aswartha Reddy, A. ◽  
Lakshmi Devi, M
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Third World ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Working Women ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Critical Determinant ◽  
Depression Level ◽  
And Coping ◽  
Condition Of Women

Every individual now and then experience depression that one can hardly deny. Gender has been described as a critical determinant of mental health and mental illness. The condition of women in third-world countries continues to be dismal. The study was focused on female subjects to assess the depression level and coping among rural working women. Depression scale was used to assess the depression level of the subjects and coping inventory was used to assess the coping mechanisms used by the subjects. The sample of the present study consists of Teachers (n=40) and Nurses (n=40) working women in rural areas selected in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh by purposive sampling technique. The selected tools were administered to the teachers and nurses, the responses of the subjects were recorded. Results reveal that the subjects in the age group of 20-30, and those who are working as nurses, the private employees, and there who are poor and married reported high levels of stress than others. Results were discussed in the light of psychological interventions particularly for working women.

scholarly journals Can the World's Poorest Women Be Saved?: A Critical Third World Feminist Analysis of the CEDAW's Rural Women's Economic Rights and Alternative Approaches to Women's Economic Empowerment

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Ulrich
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Third World ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Economic Empowerment ◽  
International Human Rights ◽  
Economic Rights ◽  
The Social ◽  
Alternative Approaches

This article discusses the continued subordination of Third World women, despite the protections implemented by international law. The author focuses on the experience of impoverished women living in rural areas, and how initiatives implemented by international organizations and international human rights documents such as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, although well-intentioned, have not been successful in improving the social and economic position of women. In analyzing these initiatives, the author adopts a Third World Feminist Approach, concluding with a discussion of the reliance of Thirld World women upon models outside the realm of international law in order to improve their rights and economic status.

Third World City in the Information Age

2011 ◽  
pp. 1541-1546
Author(s):  
D. Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Third World ◽  
Life Experience ◽  
Information Age ◽  
Real Life ◽  
World City ◽  
World Cities ◽  
The Third ◽  
The One ◽  
The Third World

It could be one of the great paradoxes of history that the third world continues to urbanize itself at a faster pace than the developed world. At the same time, third-world cities, inevitably at the cost of the rural areas, continue to play the game of one-upmanship in proclaiming themselves the best possible hub of the information and communication technology (ICT). Such a phenomenon is natural not only because in the third world the cities are the privileged sites or spaces in which any new and progressive process or event is supposed to take root but also because the cities, the firm favorites of the policymaking elite of the third world, are supposed to be the privileged channels in the trickle-down process of development. In this process, the hinterland (the suburbs and the rural areas, mostly in that order) fall behind. Thus, a veteran scholar of third-world urbanization, T. G. McGee (1971), described third world cities either as “enclaves” (spaces meant for the elite’s games surrounded by “hostile peasantry”) or as “beachheads” (centers of modernization and catalysts for economic growth) (p. 13). However, cities in the third world are not monolithic entities enjoying exclusive occupation by elites and other privileged sections of society. Our real-life experience shows that third-world cities that are inhabited by nearly one-third of the world’s urban population provide classic and shocking contrasts in terms of playing host to affluent, powerful citizenry on the one hand and to their underprivileged, powerless counterparts—ordinary people (the middle-middle/lower-middle classes downward) on the other hand. The latter, at best, possess only the legal attributes of citizenship, and, at worst, they are devoid of even that to remain utterly marginalized if not pulverized. It is in this setting that the third-world city opens itself up to the information age and its concomitant: digital governance. This article limits itself to drawing attention to the fate of the third-world city caught in the vortex of the information age and the associated rhetoric of salvation. In the process, it reveals certain general indicative trends. It does not provide any fixed blueprint for immediate crisis solving, keeping in mind the variety that exists in third-world cities despite a substantial degree of commonality among them. However, it does endorse the view (Visvanathan, 2001) that to “understand … spaces being continually defined by development we need sharper tools for the analysis of symbolic space and the interrelationship between historical events and social phenomena, which bring space, time and culture together” (p.182).

Communication and Ward Development Committees in Chipata: a Zambian Case-Study of Administrative Inertia

1983 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-150
Author(s):  
Lammert de Jong
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Third World ◽  
The Third ◽  
True State ◽  
Identification Documents ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The Third World ◽  
Registration Card ◽  
Ample Reason

A consultant is not expected to report that he cannot explain why things are the way they are. Such a conclusion tends to undermine belief in the expert as well as on the part of the client. It can, however, be the true state of affairs. In our opinion there is ample reason to admit to ignorance as regards the causes of widespread administrative inertia in the Third World, where bureaucracies often just do not function: letters are not replied to, appointments are kept haphazardly, and rules are either absent or referred to in the extreme. Bureaucratic behaviour is, as a result, often highly unpredictable for citizens. This is especially painful when it concerns necessities. In Zambia, for example, it is virtually impossible to travel or look for work without identification documents, but in the rural areas, people may have cycled for 20 or 30 kilometres to the headquarters of the District in order to get a National Registration Card only to find that the civil servant responsible is away for an undetermined period.

The Fiscal Costs of a Basic Human Needs Strategy

1980 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. Curry ◽  
Donald Rothchild
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Third World ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
The Past ◽  
Basic Human Needs ◽  
The Many ◽  
Capital Intensive

Disappointed with the development performance of most Third-World countries during the past two decades, many scholars and public officials have looked for a more effective strategy. They are concerned not merely with the extent of growth, but where it has occurred, with evidence that relatively little of the benefits of increased productivity has ‘trickled down’ to the poorer half of the populations of these lands. Capital-intensive methods have raised expectations in both the urban and the rural areas without generating adequate employment opportunities or distributing the benefits of growth equitably. As a consequence, the many poor remain as desperately disadvantaged as they ever were, making a re-evaluation of development priorities, within as well as outside of Africa, of the utmost importance at this juncture.

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