China’s foreign trade expansion

2018 ◽  
pp. 61-84
Author(s):  
Friedrich von Kirchbach ◽  
Johanna Aguado
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Trade Expansion

scholarly journals Trade in Services in the European Union

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (14) ◽  
pp. 156-171
Author(s):  
Ines Kersan Skabic
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Trade In Services ◽  
Trade Expansion ◽  
Services Trade ◽  
Member States ◽  
The Eu

Services dominate in creation of value added in national economies, especially in developed countries and they have growing trend in developing (emerging) economies. They cover four modes of trade (according to GATS), that makes their calculation complex and a part of services is hidden in the value of production/trade of manufactured goods. Their importance in foreign trade, despite the increasing trend, is still three times smaller that the value of trade in goods, but also it is under-valuated. This paper explains specific characteristics of services foreign trade, provides analysis of structure of services trade but also pointed the limitation of wider trade expansion (i.e. liberalization of trade). The analysis employ statistical tools and secondary data and covers the EU member states. The EU is very important player in the global arena and it is net exporter of services, where richer member states are oriented to the other business sector while the Central, East and South members are focused to travel. The EU members mainly traded between them selves. Services trade faced higher barriers in cross-border trade. OECD measures these restriction by Services Trade Restrictiveness Index. EU common market provides better condition for the intra- EEA trade in services even the protection differs between countries and it is more liberal for computer and telecom sectors while in accounting services and legal services the protection is high due to national legislations.

scholarly journals Direction and Problems of Foreign Trade in Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-152
Author(s):  
Shashikala Sharma
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
Trade Expansion ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The World

 Foreign trade or international trade is the transaction of goods and services between two or more countries. It plays a vital role in developing the economy of a country. The purpose of this study was to identify the direction and problems of foreign trade in Nepal, and to find out the possibilities of foreign trade expansion of the period from fiscal year 2011/12 to 2018/19. The study used quantitative data collected from secondary sources consulting physical library and internet. It was found in the study that most of the foreign trade of Nepal is directed to India. It was also found that there was deficit trade balance as there was decreasing export and increasing imports. As a result, the trade balance is negative and growing every year. Further, the foreign trade in Nepal is highly dependent with India which needs to be diversified to rest of the world.

scholarly journals Possibilities of Regional Trade Expansion: A Link Model for Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka

1984 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi ◽  
Ather Maqsood Ahmed ◽  
Ashfaque H. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Econometric Models ◽  
Trade Expansion ◽  
Regional Trade ◽  
Mutual Economic ◽  
Policy Simulations ◽  
Link Model ◽  
National Economies ◽  
Specific Country

Econometric models are generally constructed for a specific country on the assumption that national economies are independent. In reality, this is not the case. In this paper, we have constructed prototype linkage econometric models for Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, These models are linked to each other through foreign-trade equations to explore possibilities of fruitful economic cooperation among these four countries Policy simulations, carried out to highlight the pay-off of specific policies in terms of the stated objective, show that, given the resolve of these countries to extend the area of collaboration, the prospects are by no means dim. There is also the extra bonus that the growth of GNP in the region will also be helped by mutual economic co-operation. The need for conscious policy decisions to this effect has been underscored.

Organization for Foreign Trade Expansion in the Mississippi Valley, 1900–1920

1972 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 444-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burton I. Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Residual Strength ◽  
Mississippi Valley ◽  
Trade Expansion ◽  
American Life ◽  
Corporate Elite ◽  
Early Twentieth Century

Recent historians of the early twentieth century United States have called attention to the growing nationalization of American life, as well as to the importance of an eastern corporate elite in shaping foreign policy during that period. This study indicates the residual strength of the regional impulse and offers a counterweight to the national and eastern emphasis of those historians.

Rumania's Foreign Trade in the Postwar Period

Slavic Review ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-442
Author(s):  
John M. Montias
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Foreign Currency ◽  
Postwar Period ◽  
Trade Expansion ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
Central Statistical Office ◽  
Stagnation Period ◽  
Statistical Yearbook

In 1960, for the first time in the postwar period, the Central Statistical Office of the Rumanian People's Republic released data on the country's foreign trade in its official statistical yearbook.The coverage of the statistics given out at this time was highly selective. It comprised only the total value of imports and exports in "foreign-currency lei" in 1958, index numbers linking these data to 1950 and 1955, a geographical breakdown of trade by countries for 1958, and the volume of imports and exports of the "principal commodities" traded in that year. From 1959 to 1963 these figures were each year brought up to date, but no additional information was given out. In the 1964 yearbook there appeared a breakdown of imports and exports by commodity groups (nine in all) covering the years 1950, 1955, and 1959 to 1963. While these published statistics were extremely valuable in themselves, they did not supply an adequate basis for an understanding of the most important trends in postwar trade, including the trade expansion associated with the first period of intensive industrialization from 1949 to 1953, the stagnation period that followed the introduction of the New Course in mid-1953, and the major restructuring after 1958 of Rumania's trade relations with its Comecon partners and with Western markets, which is only imperfectly reflected in the geographical distribution of imports and exports in recent years.

Recent Changes in China's Pure Trade Theory

1986 ◽  
Vol 106 ◽  
pp. 291-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu-yun Ma
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Economic Problem ◽  
Chinese Economy ◽  
Theoretical Problem ◽  
Open Door Policy ◽  
Trade Theory ◽  
Trade Expansion ◽  
The West ◽  
Efficient Manner

The importance of international trade to the Chinese economy has been growing since the formal approval of the open-door policy at the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party in 1978. However, trade expansion in China faces three constraints. First, there is the theoretical problem that orthodox ideology makes it illegitimate for a socialist country to have a large foreign trade sector. Secondly, there is the institutional problem that the Soviet-type foreign trade mechanism, characterized by a state monopoly of foreign trade, a centralized foreign trade plan, and insulation of domestic from foreign prices, is incapable of handling trade expansion in an efficient manner. Thirdly, there is the economic problem that the lack of competitiveness of domestic goods in the international market limits the country's export and thus import capacity. While the new Chinese leaders are making immense efforts to remove these constraints, this article will focus only on the first. The anti-trade attitude of Communist China is the combined result of China's historical heritage and Marxist ideology. The long history of self-sufficiency in “feudal” China meant that trade was never an imperative economic need. When contact with the west increased in the 19th century, international trade was associated with an influx of opium, an outflow of silver, and a series of unequal treaties. Such an unhappy, early experience of contact with the west has left China sensitive to any increase in international trade.

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