Hydropower, Rice Farmers and the State: The case of deforestation in Laos

2018 ◽  
pp. 75-96
Author(s):  
Thomas Krings
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Rice Farmers

scholarly journals Avoiding the Pestilence of the State: Some Thoughts on Niche Construction, Heritage, and Sacred Waterworks

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Wengrow
Keyword(s):  
Niche Construction ◽  
The State ◽  
Hierarchical Organization ◽  
Institutional Characteristics ◽  
Unesco World Heritage ◽  
Separate Spheres ◽  
Rice Farmers ◽  
World Heritage List ◽  
Traditional Irrigation ◽  
The Relationship

The egalitarian character of traditional irrigation ( subak ) systems in Bali has been widely documented and discussed by anthropologists, historians, and archaeologists. In a recent study, Stephen Lansing and Karyn Fox considered how the principles of niche construction theory might help to understand the genesis of these systems, as well as certain of their institutional characteristics. Here I discuss how this approach might be extended, to include the relationship between subak systems and the hierarchical organization of the Balinese state, within which they exist. Just as the logistics of subak irrigation work to maintain a symbiosis between rice farmers and the non-human predators (e.g. crop-pests) which surround them, so the ritual elaboration of the agrarian calendar works as a kind of cultural camouflage against the parasitical interests of the state. In theory, these ecological and institutional dimensions of subak may seem to pertain to quite separate spheres of Balinese life. In practice, I suggest, they are intertwined aspects of a single system, which allowed the subak to survive from their origins in the 11 th century AD, down to their recent inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Determinants of resource use efficiencies among lowland rice farmers of Enugu State, Nigeria

Agro-Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-67
Author(s):  
T.C. Okoh ◽  
P.I. Opata ◽  
I.I. Umaru
Keyword(s):  
Resource Use ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Allocative Efficiency ◽  
The State ◽  
Lowland Rice ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Rice Farmers ◽  
State Education ◽  
Enugu State

The gap in supply and demand of rice could be due to observable differentials in the allocative efficiency of the rice farmers in Nigeria. Therefore, the study focused on the determinants of resource-use efficiencies and profitability of lowland rice farmers of Enugu State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was used to collect cross-sectional data from 300 smallholder rice farmers across the six agricultural zones of the State. The gross margin (GM) analysis was used to estimate the profitability while the marginal value productmarginal factor cost (MVP-MFC) was used to evaluate the efficiency of rice farming. The Stochastic Frontier Cost Function was also used to estimate the determinants of resource use efficiency among lowland rice farmers in Enugu state. The results from the GM showed that rice production is profitable with an average rate of returns on investment (ROI) of 2.80. The MVP-MFC analysis showed that all the input factors hypothesized were over-utilised indicating the existence of large-scale resource-use inefficiency among lowland rice farmers of the state. Education and age were the only socio-economic variables that affected the allocative efficiency of the rice farmers. The study recommends a farm-level policy directed towards the encouragement of younger adults since they are more likely to adopt innovation and boost efficiency and investment in extension education for advisory services to facilitate resource-use efficiencies.

scholarly journals Profit Efficiency and Poverty Status of Farmers in Selected Rice Growing Communities in Cross River State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Idiong C. Idiong ◽  
Michael A. Iko
Keyword(s):  
Educational Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Rice Farming ◽  
Profit Efficiency ◽  
Cross River ◽  
Cross River State ◽  
Rice Farmers ◽  
Poverty Status ◽  
Farming Households

Aim: This study analyzed the profit efficiency and poverty status of rice farmers in selected rice growing communities in Cross River State, Nigeria. Methodology: The multistage random sampling was used to select rice farming households in the study area. Primary data were collected by means of questionnaire. The mean per capita household expenditure (MPCHHE) and the P-alpha measures of poverty were used for the measurement of poverty while the Stochastic Profit Frontier (SPF) was used to obtain the efficiency estimates and determinants among the rice farming households. The logit regression model was also used to show the effect of some factors on poverty status of the rice farmers. Results and Discussion: The results showed that, out of the 64.32% of the farmers who were generally poor, 40.85% and 23.47% of them were assessed to extremely and moderately poor respectively. The incidence, depth and severity of poverty were 65.32%, 27.84% and 16.38% respectively. The study further showed that profit efficiency ranged between 0.34 and 1.0 with mean efficiency of 0.73, suggesting that there are opportunities for rice farmers in the State to increase their farm income with a view of reducing their poverty levels. The result indicate that educational level, farm size and efficiency negatively influenced poverty while sex, age, educational level, farm size, household size and farming experience were the main determinants of profit efficiency. Inadequate credit access, capital and supply of farm inputs; high cost of labour, poor marketing outlets, and near absence of modern processing facilities were the rice production constraints. Conclusion and Recommendations: The study has shown that rice farmers in the State were majorly poor and relatively efficient with opportunities for improvement. To improve the profit efficiency of rice farmers and reduce their household poverty status would require addressing some vital policy indicators that influenced them. Such policies should encourage experienced rice farmers to remain in production, the raising of the level of education of the poor through adult education, and provision of single digit interest loans and input subsidies to enable the farmers increase their farm sizes.

scholarly journals Data Screening and Preliminary Analysis on the Impact of Rural Infrastructure on Rice Productivity in Kano State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 4-11
Author(s):  
Yusuf Tanko ◽  
Chea Yong Kang ◽  
Rabiul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Preliminary Analysis ◽  
Paddy Rice ◽  
The State ◽  
Rice Farming ◽  
Rural Infrastructure ◽  
Rice Farmers ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Data Screening

Despite having vast farmland suitable for paddy rice farming, local production in the country is weak, especially in Kano where the state has the most abundant farmland put to rice farming and the most extensive rice farmers in the 36 states of the country. As such, over 4mm/t of milled paddy rice has to be imported annually into Nigeria to supplement home production. The economy cannot sustain rice import because it depends on crude oil revenue; thus, leading to scarcity of rice at an exorbitant price. The study was conducted in the 2018 cropping season for rainfed and irrigated paddy rice, to identify the impact of rural infrastructure on the productivity of rice farmers in Kano State, Nigeria. There are seven local governments with 17 rice clusters in the state that are cultivating rice. A random sample of 768 rice farmers was selected in 9 rice clusters from the population of 135,895 rice farmers using multistage and purposive sampling. Using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software version 22, data screening and preliminary analysis was conducted, aimed at satisfying the assumptions of the multivariate analysis. Thus, missing data analysis was performed to identify univariate outliers and multivariate outliers. Likewise, normality skewness and kurtosis, as well as multicollinearity issues, were checked. The preliminary analysis indicates that the data fulfil the conditions of multivariate analysis, thus, suitable for inferences.

scholarly journals Gis-Based Multi Criteria Model for Location of Rice Aggregation Centers in Anambra State

2021 ◽  
pp. 103-116
Author(s):  
C. D. Okpala ◽  
J. I. Igbokwe ◽  
C. O. Nwajinka ◽  
E. C. Igbokwe ◽  
J. I. Ubah
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Complete Analysis ◽  
Decision Tool ◽  
Gis Technology ◽  
Anambra State ◽  
Rice Farmers ◽  
Cost Distance ◽  
Agricultural Produce ◽  
Selection Of

Rice aggregation centers are tasked with checkmating substandard agricultural produce that are often encountered by the integrated millers during the course of buying from farm to farm to ensure already made market for their produce. Thus, it must be well placed to occupy strategic positions such that all different rice cultivating zones of the state get access to the facility. Given that these facilities will provide salient services, sets of demand points tasked with the provision storage, processing capability and a constant market for various rice farmers within the state. It is pertinent that these facilities are located properly considering all unique factors on ground. This study therefore aimed at a GIS-based multi criteria model for location of rice aggregation centers in Anambra State. The study was carried out using Geographical Information System (GIS) technology. Several GIS thematic layers were obtained and considered important factors in citing rice aggregation centers such as road network, Land Use and Land Cover (LULC), slope, river, cost distance, electricity network, floodplains, erosion plains and proximity to rice farms. It revealed optimal locations for siting a modular aggregation rice center at Nzam, Onoia, Aguleri, Nando, Akenu, Achalla, Ezira, Ndiokpalaeze, Ogbakuma and Uli. The goal throughout this study was to provide a reliable and complete analysis of siting modular rice aggregation centers in the agricultural zones in Anambra State. The approach and results obtained in this study are recommended as a spatial decision tool for site selection of modular rice aggregation centers in developing countries.

Practical Picture Processing

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 338-339
Author(s):  
T. A. Welton
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Damage ◽  
Coherence Length ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Coherent Radiation ◽  
The State ◽  
Energy Spread ◽  
Electron Micrograph ◽  
Picture Processing ◽  
Molecular Skeleton

Various authors have emphasized the spatial information resident in an electron micrograph taken with adequately coherent radiation. In view of the completion of at least one such instrument, this opportunity is taken to summarize the state of the art of processing such micrographs. We use the usual symbols for the aberration coefficients, and supplement these with £ and 6 for the transverse coherence length and the fractional energy spread respectively. He also assume a weak, biologically interesting sample, with principal interest lying in the molecular skeleton remaining after obvious hydrogen loss and other radiation damage has occurred.

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