Global labor rights and the interstitial role of trade law

2021 ◽  
pp. 105-120
Author(s):  
Alan Hyde
Keyword(s):  
Author(s):  
Marina Batista Chaves Azevedo de Souza ◽  
Viviane Fonseca Santos ◽  
Daniela Da Silva Rodrigues

A arte desenhada sobre papel simboliza os trabalhadores e as trabalhadoras, e suas constantes lutas sociais pela manutenção dos direitos trabalhistas no Brasil, conquistados na década de 1943, com a Consolidação das Leis Trabalhistas (CLT). Trata-se de um estatuto de Normas Regulamentadoras - NR de relações individuais e coletivas de trabalho para aqueles contratados formalmente com vínculo empregatício. Em 2017, o Governo aprova a Lei nº 13.467, reconhecida como Reforma Trabalhista, a qual exclui mais de cem artigos da CLT, reduz direitos e o papel do Estado em relação à proteção da dignidade do trabalhador. Posteriormente, a classe trabalhadora sofreu novo impacto em 2019, momento em que o Governo Federal promoveu a extinção do Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego (MTE), órgão responsável pela fiscalização e regulamentação das relações de trabalho no país. Isso gerou o fracionamento das atribuições das Leis de trabalho em três pastas ministeriais, fragilizando ainda mais as normas trabalhistas, dificultando a interlocução entre o trabalhador e empregadores e formalizando a precarização do trabalho. Nesse sentido, a imagem representa os desmontes que o trabalhador vem sofrendo, ao longo dos anos, em relação à legislação e aos direitos trabalhistas, mas também à saúde e à previdência social. A flexibilização das relações no ambiente laboral revela uma nova configuração do mundo do trabalho, uma realidade ainda mais perversa, pautada em um discurso neoliberalista de "menos direitos e mais liberdade para o trabalhador", porém, que carrega como consequências a redução do emprego digno, de saúde e segurança para os trabalhadores brasileiros. AbstractThe art drawn on paper symbolizes the workers and their constant social struggles for the maintenance of labor rights in Brazil, conquered in the 1943s by the Consolidation of Labor Laws (CLT). The CLT is a statute of the Regulatory Norms - NR about individual and collective labor relations for those formally hired with an employment relationship. In the year of 2017, the Government approved the Law 13.467 that implemented a Labor Reform, which excludes more than one hundred articles from CLT reducing many workers rights and the role of the State regarding the protection and dignity of the workers. Subsequently, the working class suffered a new impact in the year of 2019, when the Federal Government extinguished the Ministry of Labor and Employment (MTE), the institution responsible to monitor and regulate labor relations in Brazil. This fact caused a division of the attributions of the Labor Laws into Three Ministerial Portfolios, further weakening labor standards making it more difficult for workers and employers to communicate with each other, formalizing precarious work. Thus, this image represents the problems workers has been suffering, over the years, due to the lack of labor rights, health and social security. The flexibilization of labor relations reveals a new configuration for the labor society and provides an even more perverse reality based on a neoliberalist discourse that propagates the idea of "less rights and more freedom for the workers", reducing decent employment, health and safety for Brazilian workers.Keywords: Labor Legislation; Occupational Health; Occupational Therapy; Precarious Employment; Work. ResumenEl arte dibujado en papel simboliza a los trabajadores masculinos y femeninos, y sus constantes luchas sociales para el mantenimiento de los derechos laborales en Brasil, logrados en la década de 1943, con la Consolidación de las Leyes Laborales (CLT). Este es un estatuto de Normas Reguladoras - NR de relaciones trabajo individual y colectivo para aquellos formalmente contratados. En 2017, el Gobierno aprobó la Ley 13.467, reconocida como Reforma Laboral, que excluye más de cien artículos del CLT, reduce los derechos y el papel del Estado en relación con la protección de la dignidad de los trabajadores. Posteriormente, la clase trabajadora sufrió un nuevo impacto en 2019, cuando el Gobierno Federal promovió la extinción del Ministerio de Trabajo y Empleo (MTE), el organismo responsable de la inspección y regulación de las relaciones laborales en el país. Esto condujo a la división de las atribuciones de las leyes laborales en tres carteras ministeriales, debilitando aún más las normas laborales, dificultando la comunicación entre trabajadores y empleadores y formalizando el trabajo precario. En este sentido, la imagen representa el desmantelamiento que el trabajador ha estado sufriendo, a lo largo de los años, en relación con la legislación y los derechos laborales, pero también con la salud y la seguridad social. La flexibilización de las relaciones en el entorno laboral revela una nueva configuración del mundo del trabajo, una realidad aún más perversa, basada en un discurso neoliberalista de "menos derechos y más libertad para el trabajador", pero con la consecuencia de reducir el empleo decente, salud y seguridad para los trabajadores brasileños.Palabras clave: Empleo Precario; Legislación Laboral; Salud Laboral; Terapia Ocupacional; Trabajo.      


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Kruskaya Hidalgo Cordero ◽  
Carolina Salazar Daza

Abstract This article focuses on the multiple violations of labor rights that on-demand delivery workers are facing in Ecuador—as well as their resistance. By presenting a case study of a recent organizational process to raise awareness of workers’ demands, we bring forward the role of women in platform workers organizations. Our reflections are based on data collected and analyzed from a survey of 148 anonymous delivery workers from three Ecuadorian cities; an in-depth interview; and our involvement in the project “Platform Observatory”. The analysis draws upon theoretical, methodological, and analytical frameworks developed by Feminist Economics. Our findings highlight how a migrant woman sustains la lucha—the fight—in a masculinized sector and her struggles to keep the organization alive. Moreover, we contribute to generating an archive of workers’ demands and their organization process in the country.


Author(s):  
Raúl Tabarés Gutiérrez ◽  
Javier Echeverría Ezponda

The great transformation that will face European industry is driven by the need of digitizing the entire value chain around manufacturing for creating competitive advantages to maintain a dominant position in the global economy. This new paradigm is commonly known as Industry 4.0, and it has a significant policy support from the European Commission as well as different member states. However, this transition is full of uncertainties as the digitization of industry creates different concerns about employment, privacy, labor rights, and other issues related with this technological revolution. In this chapter, the authors trace back the origins of Industry 4.0 to the Web 2.0 phenomenon as well as they reflect upon the role of technodata and technofactories in a postindustrial society. Finally, they stress the need to reflect about developing a responsible digitization of industry that will consider societal concerns.


2020 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Yoshiko Naiki

Abstract The rise and proliferation of private standards have been recognized in international trade law, and various concerns have been raised. Existing literature analyses how the World Trade Organization (WTO), particularly the SPS (Sanitary and Phytosanitary) Committee and the TBT (Technical Barriers to Trade) Committee, have responded (or cannot respond) to the proliferation of private standards. This paper goes one step further by focusing specifically on the meta-regulatory function performed by regional and international organizations other than the WTO. This paper sheds light on three types of governance techniques that can serve as meta-regulatory activities in relation to private standards by regional and international organizations: (1) governance by delegation; (2) governance by information; and (3) governance by soft law. This paper analyses features of these governance techniques and considers the relation between these governance techniques and the WTO's approach.


2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mavluda SATTOROVA

A number of commentators, including Michael Hwang and Jennifer Fong who were featured in a recent issue of this journal,1 have contributed to an ongoing debate about the definition of investment by expressing their support for an objectivist theory or the “outer limits” approach as advocated inSalini v. Morocco.However, this article argues that neither theSalinitest nor the rival subjectivist theory can offer an internally consistent and viable legal framework for determining the existence of an investment. After critically examining existing approaches to defining investments in arbitral practice, international investment treaties, European Union (EU) law, and international trade law, the article considers the role of ordinary and effective interpretation and a telos behind investment treaty instruments in coining a meaningful definition.


2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Muqtafiah Muqtafiah ◽  
Maulana Surya Kusumah

Demonstrations carried out by workers represent the construction of labor awareness. FSPMI supports the awareness-building process. The researcher focused this research on how awareness construction was carried out by FSPMI. FSPMI not only mobilizes workers to carry out demonstrations but also builds labor' awareness regarding labor rights, work relations, both related to regulations and systems or other labor issues. By using a qualitative research design, the description or review provided is descriptive. Researchers also use the constructivist approach. This constructivism approach becomes essential because to know about how the construction process is carried out by FSPMI, a further and in-depth approach is needed. The results showed that the process of building labor' awareness in the FSPMI labor association was carried out through education. FSPMI carried out its activities through several stages called (CLA) concept-lobby-action. The construction produced through education makes labors more aware of their rights and is also involved in politics. Construction carried out through education has created critical awareness of workers.  Keywords: Awareness Construction, Labor Rights, Labor Movement, Role of FSPM Referensi: Akrom, 2011. Prespektif Karl Marx tentang Kelas Sosial. Jurnal Primary. 3 (1) 109-115 Amin, Muryanto. 2011. Fragmentasi Gerakan Buruh di Indonesia Pasca Orde Baru. Jurnal Ilmu Politik. 3 (1): 47-56 Iqbal, Said. 2011. Buruh dan Politik. Jurnal Sosial Demokrasi. 10 (4): 54-61 Launa. 2011. Buruh dan Politik Labour and Politics. Jurnal Sosial Demokrasi. 10 (4): 4-15 Meretas Kesadaran Merajut Ideologi. 10 (4): 70-77 Haq, Yusfia A. 2015. Upaya Perempuan Aktivis Buruh Dalam Memperjuangkan Hak-Hak Normative Buruh Perempuan di Perusahaan Dalam Negeri Kabupaten Mojokerto. Jurnal Politik muda. 4 (1):13-20 Hendrastomo, Grendi. 2010. Menakar Kesejahteraan Buruh: Memperjuangkan Kesejahteraan Buruh diantara Kepentingan Negara dan Korporasi. Jurnal Informasi. 16 (2):1-17 Setiawan, Ade. 2012. Gerakan Serikat Buruh : gerakan penolakan/penuntutan revisi ranperda ketenagakerjaan 2011 oleh serikat buruh di Kabupaten Gresik. Jurnal Politik Muda. 1 (1) Vidi, Muhammad RA dan Affandi Muhammad. 2015. Gerakan Perlawanan Serikat Buruh dalam Sistem Outsourcing dan Sistem Pengupahan di PT JAPFA Comfeed Sidoarjo. Jurnal Paradigma,3(1):1-8 Winata, Ria A. 2015. Gerakan Federasi Serikat Pekerja Metal Indonesia Dalam Memperjuangkan Penolakan Sistem Outsourcing di Kota Surabaya tahun 2012-2015. Jurnal Politik Muda, 4(3):259-267 Syahputra, Ganda. 2009. Peranan Serikat Buruh Dalam Memperjuangkan Hak Upah dan Politik (Studi Kasus Serikat Buruh Medan Indonesia. Skripsi. Medan.Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Sumatera Utara Wisnutomo, N H. 2014. Peran Serikat Pekerja Dalam Penentapan Upah Minimum Buruh dan Penyelesaian Masalah Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja (Studi Pada Serikat Pekerja Nasional Kota Salatiga). Skripsi. Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis, Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana, Salatiga Wulandari, Bety. 2014. Bentuk-Bentuk Protes Karyawan Terhadap Manajemen Pabrik Kertas Leces. Skripsi.Jember: Jurusan Sosiologi, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Jember Handik, Andi. 2015. Gaji di bawah UMSK, Buruh PT Nestle Datangi Disnaker. http://www.timesindonesia.co.id/baca/103654/20150831/120354/gaji-di-bawah-umsk-buruh-pt-nestle-datangi-disnaker/ [ 17 Desember 2015] Hartik, Andi. 2015. Bupati Akan Panggil PT Halim Jaya Sakti Terkait Persoalan Buruh.http://beta.timesindonesia.co.id/baca/103178/20150819/112236/bupati-akan-panggil-pihak-pt-halim-jaya-sakti-terkait-persoalan-buruh/ [17 Desember 2015] Hujjah, S. 2015. Dalam Sehari, Ratusan Buruh Pasuruan Demo di Tiga Lokasi. http://beritajatim.com/peristiwa/242464/dalam_sehari,_ratusan_buruh_pasuruan_demo%20_di_tiga_lokasi.html#.VnNEaGdRZ8Q [17 Desember 2015] Hujjah, Shohibul. 2015. Ratusan Buruh Sarbumusi Datangi Kantor DPRD Kabupaten Pasuruan. http://beritajatim.com/peristiwa/253071/ratusan_buruh_sarbumusi_datangi_kantor_dprd_kabupaten_pasuruan.html  [17 Desember 2015] Marza, Ade. 2015.  Tak digaji 3 Bulan, Buruh Demo di Pasuruan. http://solidaritas.net/2015/04/tak-digaji-3-bulan-buruh-demo-di-pasuruan.html Syairwan, Irwan. 2015. Buruh Pasuruan Tuntut Keberadaan PHI. http://surabaya.tribunnews.com/2015/05/01/buruh-pasuruan-tuntut-keberadaan-phi [17 Desember 2015] Yoenianto, Arie. 2015.  Demo Buruh Lumpuhkan Surabaya-Malang. http://daerah.sindonews.com/read/974338/151/demo-buruh-lumpuhkan-surabaya-malang-1425954397 [17 Desember 2015]  (http://jatimprov.go.id/read/berita-pengumuman/ribuan-buruh-jatim-tolak-rencana-pemerintah-tetapkan-rpp-pengupahan) diakses 17 Desember 2015


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Grzymala-Moszczynska ◽  
Katarzyna Jasko ◽  
Michał Bilewicz ◽  
Tomasz Besta

In the current paper, we address psychological mechanisms predicting commitment to collective action for labor rights. Specifically, we focus on factors that helped maintain engagement in a workers’ cause among participants of a failed teachers’ strike. We examined the relative role of positive and negative experiences and how they related to a sense of personal significance as motivators of further collective action after the failure of a national strike that a large group of teachers participated in. We also compared the effects of experienced emotional states with the effects of expectancy of success. The results suggest that when people experienced a boost in feelings of significance, even if the collective action failed, they were more willing to participate in a future collective action. We also found that expectancy was related to willingness to take part in another strike or other protest actions, which is in line with past studies.


Author(s):  
Pitkowitz Nikolaus

This chapter evaluates the merits of Vienna as a venue for international arbitration proceedings. It discusses the history and development of arbitration in Austria; the processes and rules involved as well as the role of courts in the conduct of arbitration proceedings; and rules for arbitral awards. It concludes that Austria is a United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law jurisdiction with a long and stable history of supporting arbitration. A wealth of decisions by the Austrian Supreme Court and a wealth of legal commentaries offer clear guidelines to the arbitration practitioner and only very few surprises. The Vienna Rules are one of the most streamlined of modern institutional arbitration rules that provide substantial flexibility for arbitral proceedings.


Author(s):  
Malinvaud Carole ◽  
Camboulive Christian

This chapter evaluates the merits of Paris as a venue for international arbitration proceedings. It discusses the history and development of arbitration in France; the processes and rules involved as well as the role of courts in the conduct of arbitration proceedings; and rules for arbitral awards. It concludes that the new French arbitration regime, resulting from the January 13, 2011 reform, continues to distinguish French arbitration law from the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law. This new regime confirms the longstanding supportive approach of France towards arbitration, as an appropriate and adapted mean to resolve international commercial disputes in particular. Yet on certain issues, such as the possibility of waiving the right to challenge awards or the computation of the time limit to introduce such challenges, the innovative provisions of the new French regime have yet to be tested in the courts.


1995 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-192
Author(s):  
Hans Jonkman

On 28 April 1976, after a preparation period of three years, the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) adopted by consensus the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules. On 15 December 1976, the General Assembly of the United Nations recommended the use of these Rules, and requested the UN Secretary-General to arrange for their widest possible distribution.


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