EFFECTIVE INSURANCE MECHANISM: METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO EVALUATION

The subject of research, which is covered in the article, is the insurance mechanism, namely: the essence of the insurance mechanism, research methodology, methods for determining the effectiveness. The purpose of the study is to deepen the theoretical foundations for the application of the insurance mechanism by insurers and to formulate approaches to assess its effectiveness. The research methodology is general and special methods. As a result of research on the basis of processing of scientific sources the essence of the insurance mechanism is defined. The analysis of methodological approaches to the study and study of the insurance mechanism allowed to justify the need to supplement them with a systematic approach, which provides consideration of the mechanism from the standpoint of complexity and allows to identify systemic gaps in the operation of insurance companies, government regulation. The insurance mechanism is considered from the point of view of efficiency of its functioning, requirements concerning tasks of the insurance mechanism which degree of performance will testify to efficiency of its action are formulated. The concept of socially significant types of insurance is offered, which allows to expand the meaningful definition of the category of insurance. Methods for evaluating the effectiveness of the insurance mechanism in accordance with the formulated tasks are defined, calculation formulas are given, according to which it is possible to evaluate the efficiency of the insurance mechanism for the components of the tasks. The use of the introduced concepts in the theory of insurance allowed to formulate proposals for improving the insurance legislation in terms of compulsory insurance and government regulation. The scope of the obtained results is the state regulation of non-banking financial institutions activity, and insurance companies activity.

Functional Partial Fuzzy Relations

We study fuzzy relations that satisfy the functionality property and that their membership functions can be partial functions. Such fuzzy relations are called partial fuzzy relations, and the variable-domain fuzzy set theory is a framework that provides powerful tools for handling these objects. There, the special operations based on connectives and quantifiers of a partial fuzzy logic are in use. The undefined degrees of membership are carried via those special operations. Furthermore, we show that a suitable combination of these operations leads to a meaningful definition of the functionality property, and we investigate its basic characteristics.

Local self-government as a social institution: issues of theory and practice

The purpose of this research is to study the theoretical and practical foundations of local self-government, represented as a special kind of social institution, as well as to formulate proposals aimed at improving the effectiveness of the implementation of the citizens’ right to independently resolve issues of local importance. In the course of the work, general scientific methods were used in the form of analysis and observation, as well as particular methods. Particular approaches include comparative-legal, statistical, as well as system-structural, and formal-logical methods. The article gives the most objective and meaningful definition of the concept of local self-government from a social standpoint, as well as lists the main features of this institution. At the same time, the authors turned their attention to the study of the essence of the socio-legal interests and needs of the local population and listed the most common and significant rights of citizens in this area.

A Differentiation of Restaurant Types Based on Customers' Perceived Attributes

The understanding of the differences between/among types of restaurants is important with the effective management of the involved businesses. Nonetheless, a meaningful definition and differentiation of each and every type of restaurant is largely missing. Therefore, this study aims to differentiate and define the existing categories of restaurants in a tourism and travel setting. In order to obtain this objective, this study opts to collect and analyze customer reviews to reveal the external attributes that they prioritize. From there, comparisons are made to see whether different types of restaurants are attributed to different characteristics or not. After that, definition of each type of restaurant is proposed. Using reviews about restaurants in Tokyo posted on tripadvisor.com, this study confirmed that the categorization of restaurants according to price and value is a valid and reliable practice. Definitions of restaurant types were then conceptualized. Practical and theoretical implications of this study were also discussed.

A Geometric Theory Integrating Human Binocular Vision With Eye Movement

A theory of the binocular system with asymmetric eyes (AEs) is developed in the framework of bicentric perspective projections. The AE accounts for the eyeball's global asymmetry produced by the foveal displacement from the posterior pole, the main source of the eye's optical aberrations, and the crystalline lens' tilt countering some of these aberrations. In this theory, the horopter curves, which specify retinal correspondence of binocular single vision, are conic sections resembling empirical horopters. This advances the classic model of empirical horopters as conic sections introduced in an ad hoc way by Ogle in 1932. In contrast to Ogle's theory, here, anatomically supported horopteric conics vary with the AEs' position in the visual plane of bifoveal fixations and their transformations are visualized in a computer simulation. Integrating horopteric conics with eye movements can help design algorithms for maintaining a stable perceptual world from visual information captured by a mobile robot's camera head. Further, this paper proposes a neurophysiologically meaningful definition for the eyes' primary position, a concept which has remained elusive despite its theoretical importance to oculomotor research. Finally, because the horopteric conic's shape is dependent on the AE's parameters, this theory allows for changes in retinal correspondence, which is usually considered preformed and stable.

Drones: a View in the Context of Land Legislation

In the coming decade, the rapid development of the drone technology is to be expected. At the same time, airspace will increasingly become a conflict zone between drone operators and land users.Unlike manned aircraft, drones are often used in low-altitude airspace, which is directly related to determining the “upper” boundary of the land plot as the object of use.The author believes that the minimum altitude of the drone in airspace should ensure normal use of the land plot as intended. And the closer to the surface of the earth drones will fly, the more urgent there will be a need for a meaningful definition of such concepts as “the use of the land plot”, "impossibility of using the land plot”, “significant difficulties in using the land plot”, as well as criteria for “normal” use of the land plot as intended. According to the author, in some cases the specificity of activity on the surface of the earth necessitates the establishment of prohibitions (restrictions) on the use of unmanned aerial vehicles in air space above them, as well as special rules on the use of low altitude airspace to meet “their own needs” by persons using the relevant land plots.Particular attention is paid to the issue of protection of the rights to privacy of persons using land plots. The author summarizes that the use of drones in combination with video technologies will make adjustments to the existing 2D view of the boundaries of the land plot as an object of use and will entail problems in the protection of the right mentioned above.

A Geometric Theory Integrating Human Binocular Vision with Eye movement

A theory of the binocular system with asymmetric eyes (AEs) is developed in the framework of bicentric perspective projections. The AE accounts for the eyeball’s global asymmetry produced by the foveal displacement from the posterior pole, the main source of the eye’s optical aberrations, and the crystalline lens’ tilt countering some of these aberrations. In this theory, the horopter curves, which specify retinal correspondence of binocular single vision, are conic sections resembling empirical horopters. This advances the classic model of empirical horopters as conic sections introduced in an ad hoc way by Ogle in 1932. In contrast to Ogle’s theory, here, anatomically supported horopteric conics vary with the AEs’ position in the visual plane of bifoveal fixations and their transformations are visualized in a computer simulation. Integrating horopteric conics with eye movements can help design algorithms for maintaining a stable perceptual world from visual information captured by a mobile robot’s camera-head. Further, this paper proposes a neurophysiologically meaningful definition for the eyes’ primary position, a concept which has remained elusive despite its theoretical importance to oculomotor research. Finally, because the horopteric conic’s shape is dependent on the AE’s parameters, this theory allows for changes in retinal correspondence which is usually considered preformed and stable.

Dynamical black holes

In this chapter we review what is known about dynamical black hole-solutions of Einstein equations. We discuss the Robinson–Trautman black holes, with or without a cosmological constant. We review the Cauchy-data approach to the construction of black-hole spacetimes. We propose some alternative approaches to a meaningful definition of black hole in a dynamical spacetime, and we review the nonlinear stability results for black-hole solutions of vacuum Einstein equations.

Relations between Organizational Culture and Human Resources Management in a Modern Organization

This article presents the development of organizational culture in terms of a rapidly changing environment in a modern labor market. Old definitions had to bring new persuasion into the field in order to compete among modern organizations. We can witness those changes firstly by analyzing how the meaning of an organizational culture has been changed over the previous decades from a very narrow function to a wide and meaningful definition including soft skills and psychological aspects. The most common reason why it happened is economic and technological growth and changes in demand which come along with it. Organizations must adapt to those changes; otherwise, consequences can be crucial. Organizational culture nowadays includes more supporting disciplines, and one of them is Human Resources Management (HRM). Organizational culture and Human Resources Management have been merged as supporting disciplines approximately in the late nineties. The meaning of that phenomena got even stronger when American psychologists admitted its relevance and supported the idea that organizational culture consists not only of an external context. HRM’s components, such as employee’s engagement, the management of cultural differences among parties, creative leadership, the identification of a specific and individual needs, etc., became relevant in shaping organizational culture in a modern organization. The article presents components which belong to the side of organizational culture as well as to the side of HRM and the most important relations between two disciplines and common components which glued those disciplines together.

Existence of special rainbow triangles in weak geometries

We show that, in any ordered plane with a symmetric orthogonality relation which allows for a meaningful definition of acute and obtuse angles, in which all points are colored with three colors, such that each color is used at least once, there must exist both an acute triangle whose vertices have all three colors and an obtuse triangle with the same property. We also show that, in both a geometry endowed with an orthogonality relation, in which there is a reflection in every line, in which all right angles are bisectable, which satisfies Bachmann’s Lotschnittaxiom (the perpendiculars raised on the sides of a right angle intersect), and in plane absolute geometry, in which all points are colored with three colors, such that each color is used at least once, there exists a right triangle with all vertices of different colors.