The unknown quantity

2021 ◽  
pp. 144-154
Author(s):  
Neelum Saran Gour
Keyword(s):  
Unknown Quantity

The Role of Theories of Embodied Cognition in Research and Modeling of Emotions

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 124-138
Author(s):  
Alexandra V. Shiller
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Embodied Cognition ◽  
Mirror Neurons ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Unknown Quantity ◽  
Emotional Processes ◽  
Strong Artificial Intelligence ◽  
European Philosophy ◽  
Postmodern Philosophy

The article analyzes the role of theories of embodied cognition for the development of emotion research. The role and position of emotions changed as philosophy developed. In classical and modern European philosophy, the idea of the “primacy of reason” prevailed over emotions and physicality, emotions and affective life were described as low-ranking phenomena regarding cognitive processes or were completely eliminated as an unknown quantity. In postmodern philosophy, attention focuses on physicality and sensuality, which are rated higher than rational principle, mind and intelligence. Within the framework of this approach, there is a recently emerged theory of embodied cognition, which allows to take a fresh look at the place of emotions in the architecture of mental processes – thinking, perception, memory, imagination, speech. The article describes and analyzes a number of empirical studies showing the impossibility of excluding emotional processes and the significance of their research for understanding the architecture of embodied cognition. However, the features of the architecture of embodied cognition remain unclear, and some of the discoveries of recent years (mirror neurons or neurons of simulation) rather raise new questions and require further research. The rigorously described and clear architecture of the embodied cognition can grow the theoretical basis that will allow to advance the studies of learning processes, language understanding, psychotherapy techniques, social attitudes and stereotypes, highlight the riddle of consciousness and create new theories of consciousness or even create an anthropomorphic artificial intelligence that is close to “strong artificial intelligence.”

scholarly journals An experimental result coming from Neutrino research gives for all particles the ratio (si /mi) defined by Quantum Inertial theory in conjunction with the Micro-quanta paradigm

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Maurizio Michelini
Keyword(s):  
National Laboratory ◽  
Neutrino Flux ◽  
Physical Nature ◽  
Empty Space ◽  
Physical Reality ◽  
Experimental Result ◽  
Absolute Space ◽  
Physical Interaction ◽  
Inertial Forces ◽  
Unknown Quantity

Rejecting some old misconceptions (such as the “pulling” gravitation that ravaged classical physics) the Inertial-Gravitational theory supported by the Micro-quanta paradigm incorporates both the relativistic concepts of Mass - Momentum - Energy and the quantic Inertial Model of the particle mass. The flux of micro-quanta supports primarily the physical interaction that generates the Inertial forces defined by Newton. Scholars believing that Inertial forces originate from the properties of the empty space, do not pertain to the community of physicists believing on Newton’s Inertial Law. This great ancient physicist admitted he was unable to explicit the physical nature of his Law of Inertia (“Hypotheses non fingo”). However, marking the difference between “empty” and “absolute” space, he remained in his conviction that some unknown physical reality originates (in the absolute space) the inertial forces upon accelerated masses. At present, Micro-quanta paradigm describes the quantic objects that generate through collisions the physical inertial forces on particles. Since the flux of micro-quanta fills all space, there is no need to refer these collisions to some external System of reference. The relative velocity between quanta and particles comes out from the momentum that micro-quanta confer to particles. By this reason the Micro-quanta paradigm defines on pure dynamical bases the relativistic formalism that Special relativity derived from kinematics, so creating flaws that produced the well known paradoxes. To reveal the micro-quanta it's not necessary to devise particular experiments. The technique of the accelerometers has given many evidences of the physical reality guessed by Newton to explain inertial forces exerted on masses. Since the action of micro-quanta is always manifested in statistical terms, classical and relativistic physics allowed to describe Inertia and Gravitation without knowing the quantic nature of these phenomena. The micro-quanta Paradigm shows in particular the proportionality between cross section and mass (ratio Au) of all particles colliding with micro-quanta. To the aim of calculating the transmission across matter of micro-quanta and neutrinos (which show the same nature) the only unknown quantity is the numerical value of the ratio Au. Recalling that micro-quanta flux fills all space, it appears also interesting to search about neutrino collisions with micro-quanta flux as possible cause of the oscillations phenomena that occur during neutrino travels across the (so called) astronomic “empty” space. A quantitative indication on the ratio Ao is found in this paper from an experimental measurement of the solar neutrino flux interacting with the Earth mass in the course of the Borexino research carried out at Gran Sasso National Laboratory.

Internationale Marketingstrategien und Marketing-Informationssysteme der westdeutschen Pharmaindustrie in den 1950er bis 70er Jahren: Eine „Marketing-Informationsrevolution“?

2015 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Kleinschmidt ◽  
Heiko Braun
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Information Systems ◽  
International Marketing ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Unknown Quantity ◽  
Market Data ◽  
Marketing Information ◽  
Pharmaceutical Enterprises

AbstractAssuming that a formerly unknown quantity and quality of market data triggered a revolution in marketing information, we explore international marketing strategies and the significance of marketing information systems in the context of the re-internationalization of the pharmaceutical enterprises Bayer and Schering after 1945. Both companies faced an information deluge, and in both cases, distinct approaches to a modern marketing information system can be observed since the mid-1960s.

scholarly journals Finding of principle square root of a real number by using interpolation method

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-83
Author(s):  
Rajendra Prasad Regmi
Keyword(s):  
Real Number ◽  
Positive Real Number ◽  
Interpolation Method ◽  
Square Root ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
Positive Real ◽  
Unknown Quantity ◽  
Square Roots

There are various methods of finding the square roots of positive real number. This paper deals with finding the principle square root of positive real numbers by using Lagrange’s and Newton’s interpolation method. The interpolation method is the process of finding the values of unknown quantity (y) between two known quantities.

PP259-MON VITAMINS – AN UNKNOWN QUANTITY

2013 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. S219 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.I. Ferguson ◽  
R. Price-Davies ◽  
A. Cosslett
Keyword(s):  
Unknown Quantity

scholarly journals On the Interior Stress Problem for Elastic Bodies

2000 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 658-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Helsing
Keyword(s):  
Integral Equation ◽  
Computational Domain ◽  
Original Formulation ◽  
Unknown Quantity ◽  
Numerical Examples ◽  
Stress Problem ◽  
Elastic Bodies ◽  
Interior Stress

The classic Sherman-Lauricella integral equation and an integral equation due to Muskhelishvili for the interior stress problem are modified. The modified formulations differ from the classic ones in several respects: Both modifications are based on uniqueness conditions with clear physical interpretations and, more importantly, they do not require the arbitrary placement of a point inside the computational domain. Furthermore, in the modified Muskhelishvili equation the unknown quantity, which is solved for, is simply related to the stress. In Muskhelishvili’s original formulation the unknown quantity is related to the displacement. Numerical examples demonstrate the greater stability of the modified schemes. [S0021-8936(00)01304-0]

Sucrose or Glucose for Diarrhea

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-607
Author(s):  
T. H. Hughes-Davies
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Acute Diarrhea ◽  
Unknown Quantity ◽  
Solute Absorption ◽  
Solute Excretion

Water moves along osmotic gradients. Acute diarrhea is due to impaired solute absorption or to increased solute excretion. It seems reasonable, as well as traditional, to lower the osmolarity of the gut's contents in diarrhea by starvation and water. Breast milk, when fully digested, has nearly twice the osmolarity of plasma, and giving it (or bread and butter1) as advocated in Dacca2 might prolong diarrhea. The 24-hour purging rate of the patients of Black et al on an unknown quantity of milk equalled that of the first eight hours, and diarrhea persisted for 60 hours.

Safe Haven, Literary Paradise and Present-Day Adventureland

2020 ◽  
pp. 189-234
Author(s):  
Kathryn N. Jones ◽  
Carol Tully ◽  
Heather Williams
Keyword(s):  
Travel Writing ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Safe Haven ◽  
Unknown Quantity ◽  
Welsh Language ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Post War ◽  
Peripheral Site ◽  
First World

This chapter analyses the new interpretative frameworks offered by travel narratives published between the late 1980s and the present day. As a prelude, the chapter offers a snapshot of the ‘lost decades’ of the interwar and post-war years, when travel accounts on Wales were far less frequent than before the First World War. It explores how the trope of a hidden, undiscovered and unknown Wales has proven to be surprisingly persistent, with the continued common portrayal of Wales as a quasi-invisible unknown quantity, a peripheral site of inspiration and alterity. Once Wales resurfaced in mainstream Continental travel writing in the 1980s, it was viewed as an entity and often a country in its own right. Yet paradoxically, Wales’s increasing accessibility, through the proliferation of dedicated guidebooks and travel websites as well as improvements to its travel infrastructure, also led to the atomization and fragmentation of visions of Wales and modes of experiencing the nation. These include a sensory or physical ‘consumption’ of Wales, the ‘internationalization’ of Wales for a global visitor and a shift away from engagement with the Welsh language and its cultures, leading to their neutralization and dilution.

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