Postmodern Philosophy as a Condition for the Emergence of Posthumanism Theory

The article presents a brief retrospective of the conceptions of philosophical postmodernism in their connection with posthumanism. Posthumanism is a philosophical movement that has been actively developed in the last decade, with its roots in the 60s and 70s of continental philosophy. The discourse of posthumanism implies work and development of conceptions and notions used by M. Foucault, J. Derrida, J. Deleuze and F. Guattari, R. Barthes and others. Connecting with such philosophical trends as disability studies, animal studies, postcolonial philosophy, actor-network theory, intersectional feminism, posthumanism expands, complements and reincarnates many provisions of postmodern philosophy. This article outlines the main concepts used in posthumanist discourse.

Postmodern Philosophy as a Form of Human Reaction to Legal Positivism Concerning the Criminal Justice System in Indonesia

The study of Philosophy of Law is developing rapidly from time to time as we know that there are many schools of Philosophy of Law that are believed and used in a particular place, time, and adherents. Philosophy of Law, nowadays a school growing very fast is Postmodern Philosophy of Law. The postmodern flow of legal philosophy as a reaction to the flow of Positivism Legal Philosophy. Postmodernism's thinking about law is that legal truth is not particular, absolute, and objective, but relative, plural, consensual. This thinking often raises the pros and cons among experts. Therefore, this study tries to increase the flow of postmodern philosophy as a form of human reaction to legal positivism concerning the criminal justice system in Indonesia. This study uses a qualitative approach with a literature review method. The results of the study indicate that the criminal law system in Indonesia is unable to accommodate the purpose of the law, namely justice, because the criminal law system in Indonesia always considers justice based on the fulfilment of written law in which everyone applies a rule of law that is ultimately the same. Therefore, the author expresses Postmodern Philosophy as a creative legal justice breakthrough that is heterogeneous or combines various elements in everyday human life such as social, legal, cultural, psychological, political, educational, etc.

The Systematization and Preservation of Cultural Heritage of National Minorities in the Context of the Postmodern Philosophy

The article studies the Jewish cemetery which provides a significant amount of historical information about various aspects of the life of the Jewish community which have long been out of focus. The objective of the research lies in proving the relevance of marginal culturally significant objects in the context of postmodern philosophy, as well as explaining and analyzing the compositional ways and peculiarities of plastic images of the facades of the gravestones in Kremenets, one of the Volyn areas of the Jewish culture in the 18th century – the early 19th century. The article focuses on the most common method of studying the monuments of Jewish gravestone epigraphy. The methodology of the research is based on the regionalist approaches to the problem and the application of culturological, retrospective comparative-historical methods and the use of critical analysis. For the first time, the artistic and style peculiarities of the memorial plastic arts of Jewish cemetery in Kremenets are analysed and the historical factors that influenced them are explicated. It was proved that the historical and cultural value of the Jewish necropolis in Kremenets lies in its originality. The cemetery is one of the oldest in Europe and contains unique information on the history, customs and culture of the Jewish people. It can become a promising object of visit for postmodern consumers, interested in unpopular and marginal tourist artefacts.

POSTMODERN AND NIHILISM (STRATEGIES OF CRITICISM OF NIHILISM IN THE PHILOSPHY OF J.-F. LYOTARD)

The article is devoted to the analysis of the theme of nihilism in postmodern philosophy on the example of one of its main representatives J.-F. Lyotard. Since F. Nietzsche, the term «nihilism» has been used by various theorists to describe the intellectual and spiritual situation of Western civilization in the era of modernity. The last decades of the twentieth century marked by the transition to a new cultural paradigm of postmodernity. But even in postmodernist theories, the topic of nihilism did not disappear, but gave rise to new strategies of comprehension and criticism. J.-F. Lyotard, a key theorist of postmodernity, at all stages of his work tried to understand how the nihilistic logic of the development of civilization in the «postmodern condition» has changed. The article reveals the philosophical and political response proposed by Lyotard to the challenge of the nihilistic suppression of life by the systems of capital, technoscience and repressive rationality.

The search for new forms of personal expression in the era of postmodernism

The urgency of the studied problem is due to the fact that reveals one of the most popular and fashionable areas of philosophy of the XXI century - the philosophy of postmodernism, in the context of which the coronavirus discourse fits, which continues to deepen and fill with new content. Due to the huge number of problems of digital transformation of human existence, the concepts of postmodern society in the context of digitalization should be explored in order to overcome the negative consequences of coronavirus existence. The aim of the article is to conceptualize the philosophy of postmodernism, which unfolds, on the one hand, as a search for new forms of creative self-expression, and on the other, as a crisis of philosophical knowledge. The objectives of the study include the analysis of the concepts of postmodern reality, which is based on the formation of a new system of categories and concepts as a system of ways of constructing a new being - postmodernism, deconstructivism, simulacrum. This system of concepts includes a set of methods of cognition of reality - ontological-metaphysical, logical-axiological, critical-existential to understand the essence and existence of man, understanding their correlations and attributive system parameters, structure, substrate, characteristic of understanding a complex society. An ambivalent and contradictory current is represented, which has spread to many areas - politics, religion, science in search of an assessment of the cognitive capabilities of man and his place in the modern world. The materials of the article are of practical value for in-depth understanding of postmodern philosophy, which is closely related to the problems of coronavirus and post-coronavirus life. It is concluded that postmodernity is a big process of losing the sensation of history and the meaning of a person, which led to the destruction of history, a crisis of philosophical knowledge in the era of digitalization, in which the original no longer makes sense, and the model of a veiled copy prevails.

Możliwość religii w obliczu współczesnego pluralizmu

Nowadays, very often in connection with postmodern philosophy, there appears a question of a normative call for pluralism. The argumentation made by postmodernists focuses mostly on the notions of violence and of metaphysics which, according to them, is a theoretical ground for violence. In the following paper we will try to present the possibile justification of this normative call, the reception of this call on Polish and international grounds, and also we will try to present how, in the face of this call, religion can function. To do this we will show concepts of religion; the first concept by Janusz Salamon (not connected to postmodernism) and the second by Gianni Vattimo (strictly postmodern).

Book communications: Methodology of interdisciplinary research

The author argues that true understanding of book communications may be obtained through the application of research tools of various disciplines in the humanities. The evolution stages of scholarly views on the book phenomenon of social communications are reviewed. On each stage, researchers always turned to the other sciences’ methodologies. The author introduces her original interpretation of interdisciplinary studies of book communications. She emphasizes, however, that the central place in such studies belongs to the socio-communicative approach, where subject is examined within the context of communication. This non-linear and multilevel model covers both synchronous and diachronous cross-sections of communication, including the feedback. For the accurate representation at the diachronic level, both the historical-genetic and the cultural approaches have to be applied. The literary theory and in particular the concepts of receptive aesthetics, poststructuralism and hermeneutics have to be applied to obtain comprehensive understanding of the authorial and the readership roles in the structure of book communications. The information sciences and theories in postmodern philosophy would enable to understand the laws of book communications within the new information environment. Methodologically, it is important to use the works that investigate into the new communication environment phenomena such as the Internet, hypertext, online literature, and collective authorship.

Society Ladenness Model: System-Parametric Analysis

The system-parametric method developed by A. Uyemov allows creating a model of the contemporary bifurcational reality. There are many terms adopted from other sciences which are often used in postmodern philosophy. Bifurcation is one of such terms adopted from synergetics. In this article emphasis is placed on the contemporary time which is bifurcational in its essence. Using the key thesis of the systems method which states that any object can be presented as a system, we propose to create a model of social ladenness. The mere fact that ladenness exists, makes the system of crisis (bifurcation) nature. The social ladenness is defined using system descriptors. This definition contains the concept, the structure, and the substrate of the object and analysis of their elements. Consistence and hierarchical arrangement of the descriptors is the social ladenness model under discussion. The elements identified in the social ladenness model are the economic, political, technical, ecological, religious, creative and bifurcation impact. We identified some markers of human existence in the community system. The coronavirus pandemic is used as an example to demonstrate the way the bifurcation society system model can be built in order to find solutions to overcome the social and individual crises.

Philosophical Hermeneutics by H.-G. Gadamer: Transition from Interpretation to Understanding

The static and dimensional nature of classical philosophy under the conditions of the information multimedia society is transformed into a rapid nonlinear acceleration of all cultural processes.This new phase of dynamic changes in culture was first of all revealed using the comparative analysis of different natural languages, the search for their unity, and, as a consequence, the possibilities of their application to explain the phenomena of today’s reality.That is why the ambiguity of the linguistic and intellectual view on the humanities culture becomes the subject of study of hermeneutic currents in modern philosophy.And since the problems of disagreements in postmodern philosophy have not been resolved yet, the analysis of the primary sources of philosophical hermeneutics and its formation at the level of the deep foundations of functioning (first of all, at the level of interpretation of various manifestations of culture as peculiar features of the existence of society in the 21st century) is one of the most relevant and urgent research problems.