The people of Holy Sepulchre, Cambridge, in the 12th century

В контексте признаваемой историчности осетинского нартовского эпоса на основании рассказа англо-нормандского церковного историка XIIв. Ордерика Виталия о смерти и погребении Вильгельма Завоевателя и нартовских кадагов, посвящeнных гибели и захоронению нарта Батрадза, впервые ставится вопрос о сравнении нартовского героя Батрадза с историческим деятелем. Основное внимание уделено следующим сюжетообразующим мотивам: конфликт с народом/высшими силами; жар как причина смерти; смертельное ранение, полученное на поле брани, но не от рук врага; зловонность усопшего; упоминание названия усыпальницы; проблемы при захоронении слишком крупного человека в неподходящую ему по размерам усыпальницу; выплата выкупа за возможность захоронить героя. Решение данного вопроса во многом определяется статусом текста церковной хроники. Признание его валидности может служить основанием для рассмотрения данных нарративов как описаний одного исторического события разными средствами. Такой подход даeт возможность рассматривать алгоритмы мифологизации и институционализации прошлого в народной памяти. Таким прошлым для осетин является история их предков, сармато-аланских племeн. В родословной Вильгельма есть определенные пересечения с аланами, что подтверждается наличием множественных бретонских и нормандских родственников с именем Алан в ближайшем окружении короля. В качестве альтернативной интерпретации допускается возможность возведения текстов к одному первоисточнику, и если рассказ Ордерика является фабрикацией, подражательством существовавшей устной традиции, то отмеченные параллели можно квалифицировать как выход на поверхность архаических пластов, общих для двух традиций. Не исключается вероятность прямого заимствования, вектор, траектории распространения и время которого нуждаются в уточнении. Возможно, данные сюжетные мотивы являются произвольными совпадениями. In the context of the acknowledged historicity of the Ossetian Nart epic, based on the systemic coincidences of the story of the 12th century Anglo-Norman church historian Orderikus Vitalius about the death and burial of William the Conqueror and the Narts’ Kadags dedicated to the death and burial of the Nart Batradz with the historical hero Batradz, the question of comparing the Nart hero Batradz is raised for the first time. The main attention is paid to the following plot-forming motives: conflict with the people / higher powers; extreme heat/fire as the cause of death; mortal wound received on the battlefield, but not at the hands of the enemy; the stench of the deceased; stating the name of the burial-place; problems with burying an oversized corpse in a too narrow tomb; payment of the ransom for the opportunity to bury the hero. The solution to this issue is largely determined by the status of the text of the church chronicle. The recognition of its validity can serve as a basis for considering both types of narratives as descriptions of one historical event by different means. This approach makes it possible to consider the algorythms for the mythologization and institutionalization of the past in the people's memory. Such past for the Ossetians is the history of their ancestors, the Sarmatian-Alan tribes. In the genealogy of William there are certain intersections with the Alans, which is confirmed by the presence of multiple Breton and Norman relatives named Alan in the immediate circle of the king’s kins. As an alternative interpretation, these narrative can be traced to one primary source, and if Orderic's story is a fabrication, an imitation of the existing oral tradition, then the noted parallels can be qualified as an emergence of archaic layers common to the two traditions. The possibility of direct borrowing is not excluded, the vector, propagation trajectories and time of which need to be clarified. Less likely these plot motives are arbitrary coincidences.

Download Full-text

Nizami creativity in the mirror of the XXI century

SCIENTIFIC WORK ◽

10.36719/2663-4619/70/26-39 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 70 (09) ◽

pp. 26-39

Author(s):

Əli Umud oğlu Əliyev ◽

Keyword(s):

World Culture ◽

The Caucasus ◽

Language And Culture ◽

Philosophy Of Life ◽

The People ◽

12Th Century ◽

Islamic Thought ◽

The World ◽

The Republic ◽

Turkish Language

The naming of 2021 as the "Year of Nizami" is a manifestation of the high value given to our literature, language and culture by the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan Ilham Heydar oglu Aliyev. This article talks about the immortality of the world-famous great Azerbaijani philosopher and poet Nizami Ganjavi, the antiquity of the ethnic lineage of the Azerbaijani Turks and the formation of the Azerbaijani language on the basis of the ancient Turkic language. All this is substantiated by the example of Nizami's personality and creativity, and it is concluded that Nizami Ganjavi is an Azer Turk of Albanian descent who converted to Islam. Nizami Ganjavi is a world-famous philosopher and poet. If he was not a Turk, he would not marry his Kipchak daughter Afag. Of course, they spoke Turkish at home. This Turkish language was Gargar-Kipchak dialect. The Armenian province of Caucasian Albania, reflected in the works of Nizami Ganjavi, is not present-day Armenia. The Caucasus is a province of Albania and was inhabited by Albanians. If the Armenian name existed in the 12th century, Nizami, the mirror of his time, would have told the world about the Armenians and their characteristics. Nizami considers himself a "stranger" to the philosophy of life. This is due to the fact that the people and environment that formed Nizami have just moved from fire-worship, idolatry and Christianity to Islamic thought. Therefore, Nizami was neither a Christian nor an Islamist like Islam. Therefore, standing at the crossroads of these two roads, he says that I - the double Nizami is a stranger, half the vinegar in the world, half the honey. I think he emphasized that he was as sour as vinegar because he left Christianity and that he tasted honey because he converted to Islam. Therefore, pre-Islamic beliefs and discoveries in the works of Nizami Ganjavi. Christianity, sayings and feelings about Jesus Christ are widespread. This is due to Nizami's commitment to his ethnic roots as a Christian Albanian. Nizami Ganjavi leaned on Albanian literature and culture and presented pearls to the treasury of world culture. Key words: Nizami, poet, Kipchak, Afag, Harum, Barda, Christian, Caucasus, Albanian, Albanian, Armenian, Marzankush, Marzili

Download Full-text

Sanskrit: Loss of the Language of Love

International Journal of Linguistics Literature and Culture ◽

10.21744/ijllc.v3i2.413 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 79

Author(s):

Satendra Kumar Mishra ◽

Srashti Srivastava

Keyword(s):

Middle Ages ◽

Indian Languages ◽

Religious Literature ◽

Indian History ◽

The People ◽

12Th Century ◽

Drying Up ◽

The Media ◽

The Middle Ages

The appearance of modern Indian languages marks the transition from the ancient to the middle ages in Indian History. They became the media of literature and the instruments of medieval thought. It is true that Sanskrit continued to be cultivated but with the downfall of Hindu principalities and the drying up of the sources of patronage, its importance rapidly diminished. It now became the language of orthodox religious literature and of philosophy but the days of its glory seems to be over. The cultural waves which began to sweep the country from the 12th century onwards left the rivers of Sanskrit dry and flowed through new ways. In spite of all setbacks, Sanskrit still commands the homage of the people and exercised a deep influence over the growth of new languages and literature but for the expression of living experience and thought its usefulness had ceased. Its Apabrahmsha form took over the lead gradually.

Download Full-text

Epidemic and population patterns in the Chinese Empire (243b.c.e. to 1911c.e.): quantitative analysis of a unique but neglected epidemic catalogue

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268809990136 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 137 (10) ◽

pp. 1361-1368 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

A. MORABIA

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Analysis ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Agrarian Society ◽

The North ◽

The People ◽

12Th Century ◽

First Millennium ◽

Chinese Empire ◽

North And South ◽

Epidemic Diseases

SUMMARYA catalogue of dates and places of major outbreaks of epidemic diseases, that occurred in the Chinese Empire between 243b.c.e. and 1911c.e., combined with corresponding demographic data, provides a unique opportunity to explore how the pressure of epidemics grew in an agrarian society over 2000 years. This quantitative analysis reveals that: (1) the frequency of outbreaks increased slowly before the 12th century and rapidly thereafter, until 1872; (2) in the first millennium of our era, the people of China lived for decades free of major epidemics; in the second millennium, major outbreaks occurred every couple of years, but were localized; (3) in the more recent centuries, these outbreaks were as common, but disseminated to more places. This evolution, closely matching the demographic growth, was similar in the north and south of China, and therefore may have been similar in other regions of the world.

Download Full-text

Om Kilderne til kilderne. Birger Munk Olsen og studiet af de latinske klassikere indtil år 1200

Fund og Forskning i Det Kongelige Biblioteks Samlinger ◽

10.7146/fof.v54i0.118880 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 54 ◽

pp. 167

Author(s):

Erik Petersen

Keyword(s):

Middle Ages ◽

Turn Of The Century ◽

Early Years ◽

Classical Literature ◽

13Th Century ◽

The People ◽

12Th Century ◽

Classical Author ◽

Medieval Denmark ◽

The Middle Ages

Erik Petersen: Fontes Fontium. Birger Munk Olsen and the Study of the Latin Classical Authors up to 1200 In this presentation, the basic intentions, definitions and overwhelmingly rich results of professor Birger Munk Olsen’s magisterial opus magnum L’Étude des auteurs classiques latins aux XIe et XIIe siècles are briefly described. The first volume of L’Étude was published in 1982, the sixth and latest volume (= tome IV. 2) in 2014. BMO includes 57 authors from the end of the third century B.C. to the beginning of the fourth A.D. in his catalogue of Latin classical manuscripts copied in the 9th to the 12th centuries. The rationale for including the 9th and 10th centuries is that readers in the 11th and 12th centuries were still using books copied in the previous centuries. BMO also makes references to manuscripts copied before 800, the period covered by E. A. Lowe in Codices Latini Antiquiores. Since Bernhard Bischoff’s Katalog der festländischen Handschriften des neunten Jahrhunderts, mit Ausnahme der wisigotischen had not yet been published, the truly pioneering effort of BMO is related to his meticulous descriptions of the huge number of classical manuscripts copied in the period from the Carolingian Renaissance to the Renaissance of the 12th Century. His catalogue of individual manuscripts is followed, in vol. III. 1, by an equally detailed catalogue of the Latin classics in the libraries of the Middle Ages, based primarily on information collected in individual manuscripts and in a variety of medieval book lists and inventories. The two most recent volumes, La réception de la littérature classique. Travaux philologiques (IV. 1), and La réception de la littérature classique. Manuscrits et textes (IV. 2) are dedicated to broader issues of copying, reading and using texts and manuscripts, in a more synthetic manner than in the previous volumes. Still they draw upon BMO’s myriads of observations of details in the manuscripts and the experience of a long life in the company of the people who produced the books and used them.Denmark’s role in preserving and promoting classical literature during the Middle Ages was of little significance and less glory. During the Carolingian Renaissance Vikings were known to steal or destroy books rather than to read them. In the 12th century they had become less belligerent, perhaps, but still not very adaptive to classical literature. Of the 33 codices in the Royal Library included in EACL, 32 arrived in Copenhagen in the Early Enlightenment or later and had not been copied or studied in Denmark in the Middle Ages. Saxo Grammaticus marks a turning point, well-read in and dependent on classical authors as he was, but he completed his Gesta Danorum in the early years of the 13th century. However, he is known to have used a Justinus codex copied before the turn of the century, preserved in the Royal Library as GKS 450 2º. It was probably brought to Denmark from France by Archbishop Absalon, who lent it to Saxo and bequeathed it to the Cistercian monastery at Sorø. It remains a remarkable fact that the Justinus codex is the only extant manuscript of a Latin classical author recorded as being in Denmark before 1200. With the results of years of concentrated, hardcore research assembled in his L’Étude des auteurs classiques latins aux XIe et XIIe siècles Birger Munk Olsen has more than amply compensated for the meagre attention paid to the classics in early medieval Denmark. To the immense benefit of the scholarly community he has laid a new foundation for the study of the Latin classical authors, their transmission, use and history, which will surely prove indispensable for generations.

Download Full-text