Valentim, Rubem (1922–1991)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Heeren
Keyword(s):  
Visual Culture ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The State ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Brazilian Art ◽  
Double Edge ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Symbolic World ◽  
Recurrent Theme ◽  
Afro Brazilian

Rubem Valentim was born in 1922 in Salvador in the state of Bahia. A self-taught artist, Valentim starts his career in the 1940s acting alongside artists like Mario Cravo Júnior and others in effervescent new artistic milieu of the state of Brahia. As art historian Roberto Conduru has noted, Valentim, similarly to other artists working in the 1940s and 1950s in Latin America, responded to Joaquín Torres-García’s Universalimso Constructivo. Nevertheless, Valentim also learned from artists such as Alfredo Volpi and Milton Dacosta carrying their geometric stylistic principles into his own symbolic world heavily influenced by Afro-Brazilian religions. From the 1960s onwards, besides small-scale objects and paintings, Valentim also began working in large-scale murals, installations, and public art pieces, the most famous being his marble mural for the NOVACAP building in Brasília. Valentim found a common thread between the modernist rationality of Constructivism and the geometric lines of Afro-Brazilian visual culture. His work manifested local values and themes, while acting in the process of building a Brazilian national identity, and also figuring into the universal debates central to modernism. Paulo Herkenhoff points to how the double axe of Xangô, a recurrent theme in Valentim’s work with its double edge blade acts as a metaphor for the artist’s endeavor, working between Constructivism and Afro-Brazilian mythology. Valentim has become an exponent of Brazilian art and is especially praised for shedding light into the visual world of Afro-Brazilian religions. He showed at the now iconic 1966 World Festival of Negro Arts in Dakar, Senegal and at the 16ª Bienal Internacional de São Paulo and in 1977. In 1998, the Museu de Arte Moderna da Bahia (MAM-BA) inaugurated a special room in his sculpture garden in the artist’s name.

Turkey’s Small Capital, A Player from the Start: Relations with the State and Big Capital

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-108
Author(s):  
EMRE BALIKÇI
Keyword(s):  
State Policies ◽  
The State ◽  
Early History ◽  
Business History ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
State Involvement ◽  
History Of ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Shed Light

This article aims to shed light on the early history of small-scale capital in Turkey. Turkey’s paradigm of development in the 1960s and 1970s, as in other belatedly industrializing countries, meant active state involvement, generally in favor of big capital. This emphasis on the large players has caused small capital’s influence on the era’s state policies to be largely overlooked. This article argues that small capital, popularized in the 1990s with the concept “Anatolian capital,” has deeper roots in Turkish economic and business history than formerly thought.

scholarly journals WHEN LARGE CONFLICTS SUBSIDE: THE EBBS AND FLOWS OF VIOLENCE IN POST-SUHARTO INDONESIA

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Barron ◽  
Sana Jaffrey ◽  
Ashutosh Varshney
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
The State ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Internal Security ◽  
Communal Violence ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Original Dataset ◽  
Violent Conflicts

AbstractThe last decade has witnessed an extraordinary spate of scholarship on the ethno-communal violence that swept through Indonesia following the collapse of the Suharto regime. Yet we know very little about how these large-scale violent conflicts subsided and the patterns of post-conflict violence that have emerged since. We introduce evidence from an original dataset to show that the high violence period lasted till 2003, after which violence declined in intensity and scale. Despite this aggregate decline, we find that old conflict sites still exhibit relatively high levels of small-scale violence. We conclude that Indonesia has moved to a new, post-conflict phase where large-scale violence is infrequent, yet small-scale violence remains unabated, often taking on new forms. Finally, we propose that effective internal security interventions by the state are a key reason, although not the only reason, why large-scale violence has not emerged again despite the continued prevalence of low-level violence.

Critical agency, resistance and a post-colonial civil society

2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver P. Richmond
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The State ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Grass Roots ◽  
Methodological Approaches

IR’s dominant theoretical and methodological approaches are, to varying degrees, compliance oriented. IR needs a theory of resistance if it is to survive its current methodological and ethical crisis. Resistance, read from a broadly Foucaultian perspective, is a process in which hidden, small-scale and marginal agencies have an impact on power, on norms, civil society, the state and the ‘international’. This may be in the form of individual or grass-roots critical agency not coordinated or mobilized on a large scale but still globally connected. Such agency is often discursive and aimed at peaceful change and transformation. Through such critical agency a post-colonial civil society has emerged, which is transversal, transnational, fragmented, but may be constitutive of new, hybrid and post-liberal forms of peace.

scholarly journals Large-scale mining and ecological imperialism in Africa: the politics of mining and conservation of the ecology in Ghana

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 243
Author(s):  
Jasper Abembia Ayelazuno ◽  
Lord Mawuko-Yevugah
Keyword(s):  
Political Ecology ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The State ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Ruling Class ◽  
Political Class ◽  
Mining Communities ◽  
Foreign Companies ◽  
Mining Companies ◽  
Ecological Imperialism

<p>The article draws on the insights of political ecology to illuminate the politics shaping the enforcement of environmental regulation in the mining sector of Ghana. We argue that the Ghanaian state uses strong-arm measures against artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) operators, particularly, the subaltern classes engaged in the industry for survival. Periodically, the state deploys the military and the police to clamp down on ASM for destroying the environment, but treats with kid gloves foreign companies engaged in large-scale mining (LSM), wreaking similar disastrous ecological effects on mining communities. The state believes that LSM by foreign companies is a source of foreign direct investment (FDI) and foreign mining companies should be incentivized to come and stay in the country. Presented in broad-brush strokes as illegal (<em>galamsey</em>), the Ghanaian state sees ASM as an environmental menace to be fought with all the coercive apparatuses that it can command. Disputing this claim, the article argues that mining-FDI is essentially ecological imperialism, wreaking havoc on the ecosystem of mining communities whose livelihood strategies are in conflict with the accumulation and political interests of foreign mining companies and the Ghanaian political class respectively. The article demonstrates that concerns over the harmful impacts of mining on the ecology of Ghana are neither class-neutral nor free of politics. They are rather highly imbricated in power structures and relations, in which the interest of the ruling class is supreme in the enforcement of environmental regulations in Ghana. The paradox of the biases of the Ghanaian state against ASM, particularly ASM operated by its own citizens for survival, and in favor of foreign mining companies engaged in LSM for profits, is explained with the insights of ecological imperialism.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Large-scale mining, artisanal and small-scale mining, Operation Vanguard, Ghanaian state biases, ecological imperialism</p>

The Dream of Large-Scale Truck Transport Enterprises — Outsourcing Experiments in the German Democratic Republic, 1957–80

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Vahrenkamp
Keyword(s):  
German Democratic Republic ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
The State ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Process Industries ◽  
Service Companies ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
State Socialist

Under state socialist economic policy, the concept of large-scale factories played an important role. The assumption was that large productivity gains would result from large-scale organisation and so large-scale concepts were also applied to the transport sector. Thirty years before Western management started outsourcing truck transportation from their factories, from 1957 state socialist traffic policy in the German Democratic Republic pulled truck fleets out of nationally owned enterprises, concentrating them into large and dedicated transport service enterprises. As this policy did not increase productivity, it was partly revised in the 1960s. The centralisation policy was unsuccessful because state-owned enterprises struggled against the state socialist transport department to keep the fleets they needed to conduct business. Conflicts between the state socialist ideology of centralisation and the operational needs of transportation within commerce, construction and industry took on many forms. For example the enterprises transferred only old trucks to the service companies. The paper shows that the theorem of the ‘economies of scale’ that was derived in the process industries does not apply in the transportation trade.

scholarly journals Neural Machine Translation with Joint Representation

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (05) ◽  
pp. 8285-8292
Author(s):  
Yanyang Li ◽  
Qiang Wang ◽  
Tong Xiao ◽  
Tongran Liu ◽  
Jingbo Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Machine Translation ◽  
English Translation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Statistical Machine Translation ◽  
The State ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Neural Machine Translation ◽  
Joint Representation

Though early successes of Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) systems are attributed in part to the explicit modelling of the interaction between any two source and target units, e.g., alignment, the recent Neural Machine Translation (NMT) systems resort to the attention which partially encodes the interaction for efficiency. In this paper, we employ Joint Representation that fully accounts for each possible interaction. We sidestep the inefficiency issue by refining representations with the proposed efficient attention operation. The resulting Reformer models offer a new Sequence-to-Sequence modelling paradigm besides the Encoder-Decoder framework and outperform the Transformer baseline in either the small scale IWSLT14 German-English, English-German and IWSLT15 Vietnamese-English or the large scale NIST12 Chinese-English translation tasks by about 1 BLEU point. We also propose a systematic model scaling approach, allowing the Reformer model to beat the state-of-the-art Transformer in IWSLT14 German-English and NIST12 Chinese-English with about 50% fewer parameters. The code is publicly available at https://github.com/lyy1994/reformer.

Conclusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 235-238
Author(s):  
Drew Nobile
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
General Concept ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Formal Organization ◽  
Small Set ◽  
The 1960S

This book has presented both a methodology for analyzing form in rock songs and a theory of formal organization in the rock output of the 1960s, ’70s, and ’80s. The methodology grows out of the general concept of form as process described in the introduction, where rock songs are seen as cohesive entities unfolding through time. From this point of view, we approach a rock song by listening for broad trajectories, identifying points of stability and tension in small-scale phrases and sections as well as large-scale cycles and entire songs. More specifically, we focus first on a song’s harmonic trajectory, interpreting a prolongational progression through a functional circuit (or noting one’s absence), and then aligning that trajectory with the layout of formal functions. From this methodology comes the theory that the rock repertoire in question is based on a small set of conventional formal-harmonic patterns, what I have been calling rock’s ...

Technology and Politics in the Ecology of the Sahel

1986 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest L. Schusky ◽  
Peter Heinricher
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Subsistence Farming ◽  
Perceived Needs ◽  
Cash Crops ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Capital Intensive ◽  
Intensive Development

Recent technological and political changes in the Sahel resemble earlier innovations that have failed to increase production or achieve equity in distribution, but perceived needs for large-scale changes remain, based on numerous misperceptions of what occurred in the famine of the late 1960s and early 1970s. Drought, large numbers of deaths, and decimation of cattle herds have been stereotyped to justify large capital-intensive development projects. Large dams, cash crops, and complex controls of the desert are among the projected schemes to increase production. The thesis of this article is that if a valid perspective of what occurred to the Sahel ecology in the 1960s is constructed, then capital-intensive projects frequently encouraging commercialization of agriculture will be replaced by labor-intensive, small-scale projects that involve primarily subsistence farming. The possible surplus from subsistence patterns is likely to exceed the surplus of large-scale efforts for a variety of reasons.

scholarly journals Development and Present State of Close-to-Nature Silviculture

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-32
Author(s):  
Jiří Remeš
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Scale Regeneration ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract Close to nature silviculture is an alternative to a forest management system based on the clear cutting regeneration and cultivation of even-aged coniferous monocultures. The history of close to nature silviculture dates back to the second half of the 19th century, when the first attempts were made in Central Europe for more sophisticated silvicultural practices based on natural small-scale regeneration and management of mixed stands. These activities also affected the Czech lands, where the ideas of close to nature silviculture were successfully developed by the end of the 1960s. For the next twenty years, however, under the influence of central planning, forest management has been inclined towards large-scale clear cutting system. The renaissance of close to nature forest management took place only after 1989. At present, close to nature silviculture being established not only in Central Europe, but also more and more in the boreal part of Europe as well as in North America. Currently, there is a discussion about suitability of close-to-nature silviculture for adapting temperate forests to climate change.

Small-Scale Science to Large-Scale Profession

2000 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-398
Author(s):  
Roger Smith
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale
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