Technology and Politics in the Ecology of the Sahel

1986 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest L. Schusky ◽  
Peter Heinricher
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Subsistence Farming ◽  
Perceived Needs ◽  
Cash Crops ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Capital Intensive ◽  
Intensive Development

Recent technological and political changes in the Sahel resemble earlier innovations that have failed to increase production or achieve equity in distribution, but perceived needs for large-scale changes remain, based on numerous misperceptions of what occurred in the famine of the late 1960s and early 1970s. Drought, large numbers of deaths, and decimation of cattle herds have been stereotyped to justify large capital-intensive development projects. Large dams, cash crops, and complex controls of the desert are among the projected schemes to increase production. The thesis of this article is that if a valid perspective of what occurred to the Sahel ecology in the 1960s is constructed, then capital-intensive projects frequently encouraging commercialization of agriculture will be replaced by labor-intensive, small-scale projects that involve primarily subsistence farming. The possible surplus from subsistence patterns is likely to exceed the surplus of large-scale efforts for a variety of reasons.

Valentim, Rubem (1922–1991)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Heeren
Keyword(s):  
Visual Culture ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The State ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Brazilian Art ◽  
Double Edge ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Symbolic World ◽  
Recurrent Theme ◽  
Afro Brazilian

Rubem Valentim was born in 1922 in Salvador in the state of Bahia. A self-taught artist, Valentim starts his career in the 1940s acting alongside artists like Mario Cravo Júnior and others in effervescent new artistic milieu of the state of Brahia. As art historian Roberto Conduru has noted, Valentim, similarly to other artists working in the 1940s and 1950s in Latin America, responded to Joaquín Torres-García’s Universalimso Constructivo. Nevertheless, Valentim also learned from artists such as Alfredo Volpi and Milton Dacosta carrying their geometric stylistic principles into his own symbolic world heavily influenced by Afro-Brazilian religions. From the 1960s onwards, besides small-scale objects and paintings, Valentim also began working in large-scale murals, installations, and public art pieces, the most famous being his marble mural for the NOVACAP building in Brasília. Valentim found a common thread between the modernist rationality of Constructivism and the geometric lines of Afro-Brazilian visual culture. His work manifested local values and themes, while acting in the process of building a Brazilian national identity, and also figuring into the universal debates central to modernism. Paulo Herkenhoff points to how the double axe of Xangô, a recurrent theme in Valentim’s work with its double edge blade acts as a metaphor for the artist’s endeavor, working between Constructivism and Afro-Brazilian mythology. Valentim has become an exponent of Brazilian art and is especially praised for shedding light into the visual world of Afro-Brazilian religions. He showed at the now iconic 1966 World Festival of Negro Arts in Dakar, Senegal and at the 16ª Bienal Internacional de São Paulo and in 1977. In 1998, the Museu de Arte Moderna da Bahia (MAM-BA) inaugurated a special room in his sculpture garden in the artist’s name.

Southeast Asian Society: Dual or Multiple

1964 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-427
Author(s):  
Benjamin Higgins
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Main Theme ◽  
Cultural Anthropologist ◽  
Asian Society ◽  
Traditional Sector ◽  
Capital Intensive

It is now ten years since I wrote my own initial critique of the theory of sociological dualism presented by J. H. Boeke. In the intervening decade, all of us who are concerned with the problem of economic development and cultural change have, I trust, learned more about the nature of the phenomenon and hence the reopening of discussion by Professor Manning Nash at this time is very welcome. I should like to deal first with his main theme, and then with a few details of his paper.Professor Nash shows the usual reluctance of the cultural anthropologist to generalize; he is unwilling to “deal with anything as complex, heterogeneous, and refractory as Southeast Asia as a whole.” The really interesting question, however, is surely how general tiie phenomena of dualistic society, multiple society, technological dualism, and underdevelopment are, and what the relationships are among them. Being less inhibited than Professor Nash, let me say at once that in my view technological dualism appears in all countries which can be regarded as underdeveloped. By this I mean that all such countries have two clearly distinguishable sectors, one with a capital-intensive and modern technology with high levels of man-year productivity, consisting of large scale manufacturing, plantation agriculture, mining, and the services associated with these; and die other, the “traditional” sector, consisting of peasant agriculture, small scale manufacturing and handicrafts, and the services connected with these.

Revisiting Agrarian Reform in Brazil, 1985–2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilder Robles
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Agrarian Reform ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Intensive Agriculture ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Agricultural Economy ◽  
Limited Impact ◽  
Land Redistribution ◽  
Capital Intensive

This article examines Brazil’s experience in agrarian reform from 1985 to 2016. After more than three decades of agrarian reform, Brazil remains a country with highly skewed landownership. Peasant-led agrarian reform efforts have had limited impact in changing this situation. Agrarian reform remains an unfulfilled political promise, and this situation continues to create tensions and conflicts in the countryside. The main reason for the persistence of skewed land concentration is the State’s support of agribusiness. Successive post-1985 democratic governments have encouraged the opening of new agricultural frontiers by providing generous economic incentives. Land redistribution has been offset by further land possession; that is, the expansion of small-scale agricultural farming has been counterbalanced by the expansion of large-scale, capital intensive agriculture. Agribusiness has not only undermined agrarian reform efforts but has also generated a growing dependency on a socially and environmentally destructive monoculture agricultural economy. Moreover, Brazil’s current political and economic crisis has further undermined the struggle for agrarian reform.

scholarly journals Values-Based Management of Archaeological Resources at a Landscape Scale

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis P. McManamon ◽  
John Doershuk ◽  
William D. Lipe ◽  
Tom McCulloch ◽  
Christopher Polglase ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Forest Land ◽  
Public Agencies ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Military Installation ◽  
Large Numbers

AbstractPublic agencies at all levels of government and other organizations that manage archaeological resources often face the problem of many undertakings that collectively impact large numbers of individually significant archaeological resources. Such situations arise when an agency is managing a large area, such as a national forest, land management district, park unit, wildlife refuge, or military installation. These situations also may arise in regard to large-scale development projects, such as energy developments, highways, reservoirs, transmission lines, and other major infrastructure projects that cover substantial areas. Over time, the accumulation of impacts from small-scale projects to individual archaeological resources may degrade landscape or regional-scale cultural phenomena. Typically, these impacts are mitigated at the site level without regard to how the impacts to individual resources affect the broader population of resources. Actions to mitigate impacts rarely are designed to do more than avoid resources or ensure some level of data recovery at single sites. Such mitigation activities are incapable of addressing research question at a landscape or regional scale.

scholarly journals Comparison of Gaseous and Water-Based Medium-Expansion Foam Depopulation Methods in Cull Sows

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3179
Author(s):  
Joshua N. Lorbach ◽  
Magnus R. Campler ◽  
Brad Youngblood ◽  
Morgan B. Farnell ◽  
Tariku J. Beyene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Nitrogen Gas ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Gas ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Nitrogen Foam ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
Cull Sows

The U.S. swine industry is currently inadequately prepared to counteract the increasing threat of high-consequence diseases. Although approved and preferred depopulation guidelines exist, ventilation shutdown (VSD+) is currently the only method being deployed during a state of emergency to depopulate large swine populations. However, the permitted use of VSD+ during constrained circumstances has been criticized due to raised swine welfare concerns. The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of carbon dioxide gas (CO2), nitrogen gas (N2), compressed air foam (CAF), compressed nitrogen foam (CAF-N2) and aspirated foam (AF) during a 15-min dwell time on adult swine in an emergency depopulation situation. A small-scale trial using 12 sows per depopulation method showed the highest efficiency to induce cessation of movement for AF and CO2 (186.0 ± 48 vs. 202.0 ± 41, s ± SD). The ease of implementation and safety favored AF for further investigation. A large-scale field study using AF to depopulate 134 sows in modified rendering trailers showed a mean fill time of 103.8 s (SD: 5.0 s) and cessation of movement of 128.0 s (SD: 18.6 s) post filling. All sows were confirmed dead post-treatment for both trials. The implementation of AF in modified rendering trailers may allow for a safe and reliable method that allows for the expedient and mobile depopulation of both small and large numbers of sows during an emergency.

scholarly journals Socio-economic Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Smallholder Livelihoods in Zimbabwe

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Mhlanga ◽  
Emmanuel Ndhlovu
Keyword(s):  
Food Systems ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Sustainable Livelihoods Framework ◽  
The Government ◽  
Capital Intensive ◽  
Livelihoods Framework

The article revisits previous viruses such as Ebola to extrapolate the socio-economic implications of the COVID-19. Using secondary sources and the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (SLF) to guide understanding, the article argues that unless measures are put in place to safeguard smallholder activities in Zimbabwe, COVID-19 has the potential to reproduce the same catastrophic implications created by Ebola in West African countries where peasant food systems where shattered and livelihoods strategies maimed. With a perceptible withdrawal of the government from small-scale farming towards large-scale capital intensive operations, smallholders could now be even more vulnerable. The article concludes that social assistance should now be intensified to protect its vulnerable population from the ravages of COVID-19.

The Transition From Small-Scale to Large-Scale Industry

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 2159-2165
Author(s):  
G. Campleman
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Fishing Industry ◽  
New Processing ◽  
New Industry ◽  
Capital Intensive

The transition in fisheries from small-scale to large-scale industry has traditionally evolved in the technically advanced countries over a period covering several generations. The present sophisticated, capital-intensive, highly mechanized fishing industry of Western Europe is a good example of this process.However, the developing countries of today are not content to wait through the evolutionary period. They want to establish a modern fishing industry — all aspects from catching the fish to processing and consumption — in the shortest time. Some have done so, at least in part, despite difficulties such as lack of trained personnel at all levels, lack of or inadequate infrastructure and marketing and distribution systems, inadequate capital resources, and so on.The author examines the main problems and challenges of the situation and provides various proposals and guidelines for such rapid development. He points out that the characteristic artisanal fisheries of the developing countries cannot be so transformed into modernized fisheries. They need a separate, slowly developing program for their upgrading. However, they are likely to be stimulated by and benefit from the establishment of a modern capital-intensive industry with which they must coexist. In particular, the artisanal fishermen should benefit from expansion of markets, introduction of new processing facilities, improvements in infrastructure, establishment of higher standards in handling, storage, and processing of fish, perhaps even by injection of capital and being given a specific share of the new industry, such as supplying it with high-priced prime fish, etc.

Negotiating Uncertainty in Late-Socialist Vietnam: Households and livelihood options in the marketizing countryside

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (06) ◽  
pp. 1701-1735 ◽  
Author(s):  
LAM MINH CHAU
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Personal Responsibility ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Market Transition ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Subsistence Farming ◽  
Doi Moi ◽  
Livelihood Options ◽  
The Face

AbstractThis article makes a case for Vietnam as a distinctive example of late- and post-socialist marketization, a painful experience that has brought widespread immiseration to rural societies within and beyond Asia. Building on extensive ethnographic fieldwork in a northern Vietnamese village, I explore a hitherto under-researched aspect of Vietnam's massive social and economic transformation in the 30 years since the onset of market transition or Renovation (Đổi mới): the surprising ways in which rural households have negotiated both the risks and opportunities of the state's push to de-cooperativize and marketize village livelihoods. The state expects that a minority of rich farmers will rapidly move into large-scale, mechanized farming, while the majority will abandon small-scale subsistence farming to specialize in trade or participate in industrial waged employment. Surprisingly, all village households insist on being đa gi năng, that is, on retaining multiple livelihood options instead of following the official modernization scripts. Their refusal to follow state plans is not market-averse ‘resistance’, but something rarely documented in the literature on peasant life in marketizing contexts: a local sense of agency and taking personal responsibility for the security and long-term welfare of their families, in the face of highly unpredictable state policies.

scholarly journals Topological analysis reveals state transitions in human gut and marine bacterial communities

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
William K. Chang ◽  
David VanInsberghe ◽  
Libusha Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Topological Analysis ◽  
Topological Data Analysis ◽  
State Transitions ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Topological Features ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Abstract Microbiome dynamics influence the health and functioning of human physiology and the environment and are driven in part by interactions between large numbers of microbial taxa, making large-scale prediction and modeling a challenge. Here, using topological data analysis, we identify states and dynamical features relevant to macroscopic processes. We show that gut disease processes and marine geochemical events are associated with transitions between community states, defined as topological features of the data density. We find a reproducible two-state succession during recovery from cholera in the gut microbiomes of multiple patients, evidence of dynamic stability in the gut microbiome of a healthy human after experiencing diarrhea during travel, and periodic state transitions in a marine Prochlorococcus community driven by water column cycling. Our approach bridges small-scale fluctuations in microbiome composition and large-scale changes in phenotype without details of underlying mechanisms, and provides an assessment of microbiome stability and its relation to human and environmental health.

ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF TWO TECHNOLOGIES FOR PRODUCTION OF A MYCOPESTICIDE IN MADAGASCAR

1997 ◽  
Vol 129 (S171) ◽  
pp. 101-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Capital Budgeting ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Production Models ◽  
Investment Capital ◽  
Capital Intensive

AbstractThe net present value (NPV) approach to capital budgeting is used to determine the relative economic feasibility of two production models capable of manufacturing a fungi-based biopesticide in Madagascar. Sales revenues are projected at $10–12 per hectare for 20 000–80 000 ha annually, with recurrent costs estimated in Madagascar and investment costs from IITA (Cotonou, Benin) and Mycotech Corporation (Butte, Montana). These cash flows are discounted by an appropriate interest rate and risk factor, with positive results for both the labour-intensive model and the capital-intensive model under several scenarios. Cost advantages for the two models depend on both technology and scale. The labour-intensive model achieves a higher NPV in a market of 20 000 ha per annum as compared with the capital-intensive model. The capital-intensive model achieves a higher NPV in a market of 80 000 ha (including exports to southern Africa). Both models benefit from scale economies, although this benefit is relatively greater for the capital-intensive model. Consumers of mycopesticides in Madagascar could realize nearly 20% savings under a higher output scenario with a capital-intensive technology, than under a lower output scenario with a labour-intensive technology. Large-scale producers, however, would require nearly four times as much investment capital, and could find it difficult to produce for export from Madagascar. In the absence of a large-scale producer, small-scale production would be appropriate and feasible based on lower investment costs. Malagasy production is also protected from foreign competition because of current phytosanitary regulations.

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