Camden Town Group

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Furness
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Visual Art ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Wyndham Lewis ◽  
World War ◽  
Art Scene ◽  
Music Hall ◽  
Camille Pissarro

Founded in 1911 and active in London before World War I, the Camden Town Group played an important role in the development of a distinctively modern British visual art. Its sixteen members promoted modern art’s engagement with a modern world and, in particular, with the minutiae of everyday urban life across a range of characteristic subjects. These subjects included views of street corners, portraits of local girls, shabby bedsit rooms and theatre and music hall interiors, as represented, for example, in Spencer Gore’s The Balcony at the Alhambra (c.1911–1912). The group held only three official exhibitions, all between June 1911 and December 1912 at the Carfax Gallery, London, but the group’s members participated in a great many more contemporaneous events and displays that contributed to the burgeoning British post-impressionist art scene. A list of members includes: Walter Bayes, Robert Bevan, Harold Gilman, Charles Ginner, Spencer Frederick Gore, Duncan Grant (following Doman Turner’s death in September 1911), James Dickson Innes, Augustus John, Henry Lamb, Wyndham Lewis, Maxwell Gordon Lightfoot, James Bolivar Manson, Lucien Pissarro (the son of French Impressionist painter Camille Pissarro), William Ratcliffe, Walter Sickert, and John Doman Turner.

The Rites of Spring

Nancy Cunard ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 103-120
Author(s):  
Jane Marcus
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Wyndham Lewis ◽  
World War ◽  
Creation Myths ◽  
Rite Of Spring

The chapter explores primitivism, African creation myths, and an analysis of Diaghilev’s The Rite of Spring and Vernon Lee’s Satan the Waster in the context of Cunard’s poetic aesthetic. Marcus also contrasts Edith Sitwell’s anti-war Wheels anthology and Cunard’s engagement with African cultures and artifacts with Eliot’s primitivism. Additionally, the chapter investigates the visual primitivism of World War I and representations of the slaughter by William Roberts and Wyndham Lewis.

Waugh, Betjeman, Lewis, and the Missed Future of Modernism

2020 ◽  
pp. 40-80
Author(s):  
Ashley Maher
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Physical Structure ◽  
Historical Event ◽  
Cultural Integration ◽  
Wyndham Lewis ◽  
Evelyn Waugh ◽  
World War ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Architectural Modernism

World War I has long been considered literary modernism’s defining historical event, a catastrophe that changed avant-garde optimism into postwar pessimism and fragmentation; however, the utopian rhetoric of post-World War I architecture, along with writers’ enthusiastic elaboration of that rhetoric through architectural criticism, undermines any neat division. Instead, this chapter establishes a late 1920s and 1930s tendency to identify in hindsight a wartime rupture between the national future and the modernist future, as literary and architectural cooperation began to dissolve. Amid the rise of architectural modernism in Britain, Evelyn Waugh, John Betjeman, and Wyndham Lewis scrutinized the cultural integration of modernist forms. While Waugh and Betjeman increasingly emphasized modernist architecture’s inability to provide a lasting social or physical structure for the nation, Lewis rued the perceived cooption of modernism by leftist, materialist movements and instead promoted the values of “extreme modernism.”

The French Mandate in Lebanon

2019 ◽  
Vol 124 (5) ◽  
pp. 1689-1693
Author(s):  
Carol Hakim
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Modern World ◽  
World War ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Nation States ◽  
French Mandate ◽  
Imperial Power

Abstract A century after the victorious Allied powers distributed their spoils of victory in 1919, the world still lives with the geopolitical consequences of the mandates system established by the League of Nations. The Covenant article authorizing the new imperial dispensation came cloaked in the old civilizationist discourse, entrusting sovereignty over “peoples not yet able to stand by themselves under the strenuous conditions of the modern world” to the “advanced nations” of Belgium, England, France, Japan, and South Africa. In this series of “reflections” on the mandates, ten scholars of Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and the international order consider the consequences of the new geopolitical order birthed by World War I. How did the reshuffling of imperial power in the immediate postwar period configure long-term struggles over minority rights, decolonization, and the shape of nation-states when the colonial era finally came to a close? How did the alleged beneficiaries—more often the victims—of this “sacred trust” grasp their own fates in a world that simultaneously promised and denied them the possibility of self-determination? From Palestine, to Namibia, to Kurdistan, and beyond, the legacies of the mandatory moment remain pressing questions today.

Islands for an Anxious Empire: Japan’s Pacific Island Mandate

2019 ◽  
Vol 124 (5) ◽  
pp. 1699-1703
Author(s):  
Tze M. Loo
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Minority Rights ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Modern World ◽  
World War ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Imperial Power

Abstract A century after the victorious Allied powers distributed their spoils of victory in 1919, the world still lives with the geopolitical consequences of the mandates system established by the League of Nations. The Covenant article authorizing the new imperial dispensation came cloaked in the old civilizationist discourse, entrusting sovereignty over “peoples not yet able to stand by themselves under the strenuous conditions of the modern world” to the “advanced nations” of Belgium, England, France, Japan, and South Africa. In this series of AHR “reflections” on the mandates, ten scholars of Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and the international order consider the consequences of the new geopolitical order birthed by World War I. How did the reshuffling of imperial power in the immediate postwar period configure long-term struggles over minority rights, decolonization, and the shape of nation-states when the colonial era finally came to a close? How did the alleged beneficiaries—more often the victims—of this “sacred trust” grasp their own fates in a world that simultaneously promised and denied them the possibility of self-determination? From Palestine, to Namibia, to Kurdistan, and beyond, the legacies of the mandatory moment remain pressing questions today.

Atheism and Agnosticism

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
World War I ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Black Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
World War

Atheism and agnosticism among African Americans is a topic few scholars have explored and even fewer have explored in depth. The fact that roughly 90 percent of African Americans identify as believers, the role of religion in the Civil Rights Movement, and the ubiquity of religion in Black popular culture have made many scholars ignore a vital tradition of Black freethought, which includes atheism and agnosticism as well as nontraditional religious beliefs such as paganism and deism. Despite this scholarly neglect, freethought has been an important component of Black religious, political, and intellectual life from the 19th century to the present. Atheism was present among southern slaves and northern free Blacks as early as 1800 and grew more prominent during the late 19th century, which saw a greatly enhanced freethought movement more generally throughout American society. Key writers of the New Negro Renaissance, including Nella Larsen, Zora Neale Hurston, Alain Locke, and Claude McKay, were atheists or agnostics, as were African American socialists and communists such as Hubert Harrison and Harry Heywood during the period between World War I and World War II. For these individuals, urban life helped to foster religious skepticism and their artistic, intellectual, and political commitments provided a sense of community with other skeptics that was lacking in rural southern communities or in regions such as the Caribbean, from where many Black migrants came to the United States. Contrary to popular and scholarly portrayals, atheism and agnosticism were likewise important components of the Civil Rights Movement, helping to shape the political thought and literary production of figures such as James Forman, Lorraine Hansberry, and James Baldwin. The end of the civil rights era would see the beginning of a new era for Black atheists and agnostics, especially with the institutionalization of Black freethought and the creation of organizations such as African Americans for Humanism, founded in 1989. While the number of Black atheists and agnostics remains a small proportion of the Black population in 2019, that number has doubled since the turn of the 21st century and more and more African Americans feel comfortable identifying as freethinkers.

Carmen’s Music-Hall Embrace

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Christoforidis
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
Final Stage ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Belle Epoque ◽  
World War ◽  
Popular Entertainment ◽  
Music Hall ◽  
Belle Époque

The fluidity between the worlds of opera and popular entertainment during the Belle Époque admitted Carmen and her Spanish impersonators into music hall and popular theatrical spectacle in the early years of the twentieth century. Chapter 8 explores the hybrid Franco-Spanish entertainment scene in Paris, examining the presence of Carmenesque themes in the chanson market, in the context of a significant subgenre of Spanish-styled songs. During the years leading up to World War I, this new Spanish fashion extended onto the stage in dance-focused Spanish spectacles, which blended new and old styles and often played with references to Bizet’s famous opera. Carolina “la Belle” Otero reached the final stage of her stellar career with a rare—although not unprecedented—transition from music-hall Carmen to operatic protagonist, performing the role at the Opéra-Comique in 1912.

Garveyism Root and Branch

2019 ◽  
pp. 15-58
Author(s):  
Michael O. West
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
White Supremacy ◽  
Haitian Revolution ◽  
Modern World ◽  
World War ◽  
Black Liberation ◽  
Pan Africanism ◽  
Black World

The Garvey movement was at once an end and a beginning. Although very much a product of its time – the immediate post-World War I era – Garveyism was an end in that it summarized much of the thought and struggle of nineteenth-century pan-Africanism and black nationalism. Marcus Garvey, not so much the man as the metaphor, and the United Negro Improvement Association, not so much the institution as the inspiration, sealed up a certain tradition (which included Toussaint Louverture’s Haitian Revolution and black revivalists) in the movement for black liberation in the modern world. At the same time, Garveyism was also a beginning, casting a long shadow on contemporary and subsequent movements against colonialism and white supremacy throughout the black world, including phenomena such as the Moorish Science Temple and Rastafari. This chapter places Garveyism at the center of a narrative spanning from the emergence of pan-Africanism in the eighteenth century to the Ethiopian crisis of 1935.

The Movement for Reform in Rumania After World War I: The Parliamentary Bloc Government of 1919-1920

Slavic Review ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 456-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria F. Brown
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Modern World ◽  
World War ◽  
National Unity ◽  
The West ◽  
Happy Ending ◽  
The Past ◽  
Universal Suffrage ◽  
Before And After

In the labyrinthine world of Rumanian politics, it was easy enough to find striking examples of corruption in high places and low, year after year, both before and after World War I, and to dismiss the country's parliamentary form of M government as a sham or as an imitation of the West. But in 1919 many Rumanian had reason to expect the future to be brighter than the past. The approximate doubling of Rumanian territory and population and a happy ending, to the long-fought struggle for national unity seemed a most auspicious foundation for Rumania's new postwar life. Social justice and the exigencies of the modern world were being addressed by the advent of universal suffrage for men and the first stages of extensive land reform.

Responses to Planned Political Change in a Tanganyika Tribal Group

1956 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 442-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Gus Liebenow
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Political Party ◽  
Gold Coast ◽  
Modern World ◽  
World War ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
Independent State ◽  
Financial Position ◽  
Colonial Policy ◽  
The Military

The rapid succession in which independence or a large measure of self-government has been achieved by dependent territories in Africa has been one of the more striking political phenomena of the postwar period. It would be rash indeed to prophesy the total eclipse of colonialism in the modern world, for the situations obtaining in Eastern Europe and Southeast Asia, as well as the fears expressed by the Ashanti in the Gold Coast and the southern tribesmen in the Sudan regarding the shape of the independent state, can be indications that political dependency can be reasserted in new forms. Nevertheless, the brand of Western colonialism which reached its zenith prior to World War I appears to be drawing to a close, and in a number of instances the metropolitan power concerned is actually planning the liquidation of its empire.The causes of this vaporization of colonialism in Africa are complex. In some cases the significant factor is rooted in international politics, as in the military defeat of Italy or the encouragement given by Arab and Asian states to rising nationalist groups. In other instances the financial position of the metropolitan country or the anti-colonial policy of a major political party has been the crucial factor.

The British Cameroons Mandate Regime: The Roots of the Twenty-First-Century Political Crisis in Cameroon

2019 ◽  
Vol 124 (5) ◽  
pp. 1715-1722
Author(s):  
George N. Njung
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
First Century ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
World War ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Imperial Power

Abstract A century after the victorious Allied powers distributed their spoils of victory in 1919, the world still lives with the geopolitical consequences of the mandates system established by the League of Nations. The Covenant article authorizing the new imperial dispensation came cloaked in the old civilizationist discourse, entrusting sovereignty over “peoples not yet able to stand by themselves under the strenuous conditions of the modern world” to the “advanced nations” of Belgium, England, France, Japan, and South Africa. In this series of “reflections” on the mandates, ten scholars of Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and the international order consider the consequences of the new geopolitical order birthed by World War I. How did the reshuffling of imperial power in the immediate postwar period configure long-term struggles over minority rights, decolonization, and the shape of nation-states when the colonial era finally came to a close? How did the alleged beneficiaries—more often the victims—of this “sacred trust” grasp their own fates in a world that simultaneously promised and denied them the possibility of self-determination? From Palestine, to Namibia, to Kurdistan, and beyond, the legacies of the mandatory moment remain pressing questions today.

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