How do Adults Remember Their Parents’ Reaction to Gender Nonconformity?

Morality and gender are intersecting realms of human thought and behavior. Reasoning and action at their intersection (e.g., views of women’s rights legislation) carry important consequences for societies, communities, and individual lives. In this chapter, the authors argue that children’s developing views of morality and gender reciprocally shape one another in important and underexplored ways. The chapter begins with a brief history of psychological theory and research at the intersection of morality and gender and suggests reasons for the historical failure to view gender attitudes through moral lenses. The authors then describe reasons for expecting morality to play an important role in shaping children’s developing gender attitudes and, reciprocally, for gender attitudes to play an important role in shaping children’s developing moral values. The authors next illustrate the importance and relevance of these ideas by discussing two topics at the center of contentious debate in the United States concerning ethical policy and practice: treatment of gender nonconformity and gender-segregated schooling. The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research.

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Governing Nonconformity: Gender Presentation, Public Space, and the City in New Order Indonesia

The Journal of Asian Studies ◽

10.1017/s0021911821000747 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-20

Author(s):

Benjamin Hegarty

Keyword(s):

Public Space ◽

Gender Nonconformity ◽

The Body ◽

New Order ◽

Sexual Morality ◽

National Belonging ◽

Femininity And Masculinity ◽

Gender Presentation ◽

The Right ◽

The City

The regulation of public space is generative of new approaches to gender nonconformity. In 1968 in Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia, a group of people who identified as wadam—a new term made by combining parts of Indonesian words denoting “femininity” and “masculinity”—made a claim to the city's governor that they had the right to appear in public space. This article illustrates the paradoxical achievement of obtaining recognition on terms constituted through public nuisance regulations governing access to and movement through space. The origins and diffuse effects of recognition achieved by those who identified as wadam and, a decade later, waria facilitated the partial recognition of a status that was legal but nonconforming. This possibility emerged out of city-level innovations and historical conceptualizations of the body in Indonesia. Attending to the way that gender nonconformity was folded into existing methods of codifying space at the scale of the city reflects a broader anxiety over who can enter public space and on what basis. Considering a concern for struggles to contend with nonconformity on spatial grounds at the level of the city encourages an alternative perspective on the emergence of gender and sexual morality as a definitive feature of national belonging in Indonesia and elsewhere.

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When boys willnotbe boys: American eugenics and the formation of gender nonconformity as psychopathology

NORMA ◽

10.1080/18902138.2016.1260261 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 270-286 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Julian Honkasalo

Keyword(s):

Gender Nonconformity

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Differences in digit ratios between gay men who prefer receptive versus insertive sex roles indicate a role for prenatal androgen

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-87338-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ashlyn Swift-Gallant ◽

Victor Di Rita ◽

Christina A. Major ◽

Christopher J. Breedlove ◽

Cynthia L. Jordan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gay Men ◽

Sex Role ◽

Gender Nonconformity ◽

Critical Periods ◽

Same Sex ◽

Digit Ratios ◽

Right Hand ◽

Prenatal Androgens ◽

The Right ◽

Prenatal Androgen

AbstractAmong non-human mammals, exposure to androgens during critical periods of development leads to gynephilia (attraction to females), whereas the absence or low levels of prenatal androgens leads to androphilia (attraction to males). However, in humans, retrospective markers of prenatal androgens have only been associated with gynephilia among women, but not with androphilia among men. Here, we asked whether an indirect indication of prenatal androgen exposure, 2D:4D, differs between subsets of gay men delineated by anal sex role (ASR). ASR was used as a proxy for subgroups because ASR groups tend to differ in other measures affected by brain sexual differentiation, such as gender conformity. First, we replicated the finding that gay men with a receptive ASR preference (bottoms) report greater gender nonconformity (GNC) compared to gay men with an insertive ASR preference (tops). We then found that Tops have a lower (male-typical) average right-hand digit ratio than Bottoms, and that among all gay men the right-hand 2D:4D correlated with GNC, indicating that a higher (female-typical) 2D:4D is associated with increased GNC. Differences were found between non-exclusive and exclusive same-sex attraction and GNC, and ASR group differences on digit ratios do not reach significance when all non-heterosexual men are included in the analyses, suggesting greater heterogeneity in the development of non-exclusive same-sex sexual orientations. Overall, results support a role for prenatal androgens, as approximated by digit ratios, in influencing the sexual orientation and GNC of a subset of gay men.

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Female Masculinity at Work

Psychology of Women Quarterly ◽

10.1177/0361684316682956 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 41 (2) ◽

pp. 197-209 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Raine Dozier

Keyword(s):

Sexual Orientation ◽

The United States ◽

Gender Nonconformity ◽

Positive Outcomes ◽

Work Organizations ◽

High Demand ◽

Female Masculinity ◽

Gender Nonconforming ◽

Opting Out ◽

Male Dominated

In this study, the author interviewed 49 self-identified masculine women in the United States to examine how they negotiate stigma in the workplace. Masculine women often negotiate dual stigmas due to both their gender nonconformity and perceived sexual orientation. Participants used a variety of strategies to cope with their stigmatized identity including modifying clothing; incorporating feminine behaviors to counteract masculine appearance; working in high-demand, undesirable jobs; working in male-dominated settings; and opting out of formal work organizations. While some participants experienced mistreatment in male-dominated settings, many reported positive outcomes including strong relationships with male coworkers, opportunities for advancement, and a general comfort in the work environment. Participants challenge Goffman’s notion of sexual orientation as a concealable status, showing that sexual orientation minority women who are gender nonconforming employ strategies similar to members of other visibly stigmatized groups. Findings from this study suggest that researchers addressing sexual orientation minorities should include gender expression as a variable that can influence individual experiences and outcomes. Online slides for instructors who want to use this article for teaching are available on PWQ's website at http://journals.sagepub.com/page/pwq/suppl/index .

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