The Relationship between Control Strategies Employed by Street Prostitutes and Levels and Varieties of Client Violence

Abstract One of the most important issues in the critical assessment of spatio-temporal stochastic models for epidemics is the selection of the transmission kernel used to represent the relationship between infectious challenge and spatial separation of infected and susceptible hosts. As the design of control strategies is often based on an assessment of the distance over which transmission can realistically occur and estimation of this distance is very sensitive to the choice of kernel function, it is important that models used to inform control strategies can be scrutinised in the light of observation in order to elicit possible evidence against the selected kernel function. While a range of approaches to model criticism is in existence, the field remains one in which the need for further research is recognised. In this paper, building on earlier contributions by the authors, we introduce a new approach to assessing the validity of spatial kernels—the latent likelihood ratio tests—which use likelihood-based discrepancy variables that can be used to compare the fit of competing models, and compare the capacity of this approach to detect model mis-specification with that of tests based on the use of infection-link residuals. We demonstrate that the new approach can be used to formulate tests with greater power than infection-link residuals to detect kernel mis-specification particularly when the degree of mis-specification is modest. This new tests avoid the use of a fully Bayesian approach which may introduce undesirable complications related to computational complexity and prior sensitivity.

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Modelling the relationship between environmental factors, transcriptional genes and deoxynivalenol mycotoxin production by strains of two Fusarium species

Journal of The Royal Society Interface ◽

10.1098/rsif.2010.0131 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 8 (54) ◽

pp. 117-126 ◽

Cited By ~ 55

Author(s):

M. Schmidt-Heydt ◽

R. Parra ◽

R. Geisen ◽

N. Magan

Keyword(s):

Environmental Factors ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Fusarium Culmorum ◽

Mycotoxin Production ◽

Contour Maps ◽

Complex Interactions ◽

Time Changes ◽

First Time ◽

The Relationship

The effect of changes in temperature/water activity ( a w ) on growth, deoxynivalenol (DON) production and trichothecene gene cluster expression (18 genes) for strains of Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium graminearum was studied. The expression data for six key transcription genes ( TRI4, TRI5 , TRI6, TRI10, TRI12 and TRI13 ) were analysed using multiple regression analyses to model the relationship between these various factors for the first time. Changes in a w and temperature significantly ( p = 0.05) affected growth and DON. Microarray data on expression of these genes were significantly related to DON production for both strains. Multi-regression analysis was done and polynomial models found to best fit the relationship between actual/predicted DON production relative to the expression of these TRI genes and environmental factors. This allowed prediction of the amounts of DON produced in two-dimensional contour maps to relate expression of these genes to either a w or temperature. These results suggest complex interactions between gene expression ( TRI genes), environmental factors and mycotoxin production. This is a powerful tool for understanding the role of these genes in relation to environmental factors and enables more effective targeted control strategies to be developed.

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The Relationship Between Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Maintenance Processes, Emotional Distress, and Positive Psychotic Symptoms: Evidence That CBT Is “Not a Quasi-Neuroleptic”

Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy ◽

10.1891/0889-8391.28.2.101 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 101-116 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Robert Brockman ◽

Michael Kiernan ◽

Vlasios Brakoulias ◽

Elizabeth Murrell

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ◽

Empirical Evidence ◽

Outcome Measures ◽

Emotional Distress ◽

Behavioral Therapy ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Cognitive Behavioral ◽

Psychotic Symptoms ◽

Change Processes ◽

The Relationship

Cognitive behavioral therapy for psychosis (CBTp) has enjoyed a steep rise in popularity over the past 15 years; however, recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses have concluded that CBTp has only modest effects on psychotic syndrome outcomes and that empirical evidence of its superiority over other psychosocial treatments is poor. And although it has been argued by some prominent authors that CBTp is not designed to alleviate the “psychotic syndrome,” there is little empirical evidence linking CBTp change mechanisms with syndrome versus single-symptom outcome measures. This study investigated the relationship between CBTp change processes, beliefs about voices, and thought control strategies, with a range of outcome measures including global positive psychotic symptoms in a sample of 40 voice hearers with established diagnosis of psychotic disorder. Consistent with the assertions of Birchwood and Trower (2006), global positive symptoms were found to be generally poorly related to CBTp change processes. Conversely, these CBTp change processes were found to be generally strongly related to measures of emotional distress and some measures of single psychotic symptoms. The implications for past and future CBTp treatment outcome studies are discussed.

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Preschool Power Play: Resource Control Strategies Associated with Health

Child Development Research ◽

10.1155/2014/706547 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Amber R. Massey ◽

Jennifer Byrd-Craven ◽

CaSandra L. Swearingen

Keyword(s):

Effortful Control ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Resource Control ◽

Social Strategies ◽

Social Strategy ◽

Health Assessments ◽

Multimethod Approach ◽

The Relationship ◽

Power Play ◽

Temperament Characteristic

Background. This exploratory study uses a multimethod approach to examine the relationship between social strategy usage and overall health in preschool children. Methods. Children's temperament, social strategies, and health assessments were obtained via reported behavior from parents and teachers. In addition, children's use of prosocial and coercive strategies was observed and recorded via one-way windows in the preschool facility. Results. Results revealed that the temperament characteristic of effortful control was related to the observed use of coercive strategies and that coercive strategies were not observed by teachers, who viewed these children as primarily prosocial. The reported use of both coercive and prosocial strategies was also related to decrease in illness. Conclusion. These findings in relation to previous work suggest that using both prosocial and coercive strategies can elevate status as well as maintain health even in young children.

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Weather Conditions Associated with the Release and Dispersal of Zymoseptoria tritici Spores in the Argentine Pampas Region

International Journal of Agronomy ◽

10.1155/2017/1468580 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

C. A. Cordo ◽

C. I. Mónaco ◽

R. Altamirano ◽

A. E. Perelló ◽

S. Larrán ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Relative Humidity ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Sampling Interval ◽

Wheat Crop ◽

Zymoseptoria Tritici ◽

Spore Release ◽

Wheat Stubble ◽

One Year ◽

The Relationship

The abundance of Zymoseptoria tritici ascospores and conidia in a field was examined throughout two one-year periods (1998-1999 and 1999-2000) establishing the relationship between spore release and weather variables. Radiation, temperature, intensity of rainfall, and relative humidity significantly affected the dispersal of ascospores and pycnidiospores of this pathogen. Spore traps collected both types of spores, at weekly intervals, at two different stages of the wheat crop (vegetative and wheat stubble stages) and different distances from the sources. Ascospores were the predominant sources of inoculum in the field. The numbers of ascospores and pycnidiospores declined with the increase of distance from the sources. The release of pycnidiospores was associated with the increase in rainfall intensity 7 days before the released event and the increase in radiation 60 days before the same event. Relative humidity 3 and 15 days before the release event was positively correlated with ascospores release and negatively correlated with radiation and temperature in all the sampling interval. Also for the first time, a positive correlation between radiation and pycnidiospores dispersal is reported. Understanding the relationship between environment conditions and spores dispersal event could improve the control strategies of the disease.

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