• Outlining methods of legal reasoning (such as the use of inductive, deductive and abductive reasoning and reasoning by analogy) and describe how these inform strategies for argument construction. • Discussing in detail the relationship between propositions building an argument and proofs supporting propositions. (This is particularly accomplished by considering in detail a modified Wigmore Chart Method. A fact analysis process that is instructive at the level of argument construction.) Argument concerns not only laying out facts and rules, it also involves aspects of persuasion, and determination of where the weight lies in opposing arguments. Assessors in the court, judges or jurors, decide whether an argument is strong or weak, proved or unproved. In the final analysis, how does the court, or how does anyone, decide the criteria for the evaluation of an argument? Evaluation cannot be solely guided by rules. Ultimately, argument construction is also a personal thing. Different people will take different routes to evidence, and relate the evidence differently to the issues. Much depends upon an individual’s ability to both imagine and reason; to imagine doubts, as well as links in proof. Nothing exists in the realm of methods to tell anyone what a strong link may be. We may be excellent at the processes of transmitting, storing and retrieving facts and information but we do not have similarly developed skills of obtaining defensible conclusions from these facts and this information. 7.2 LEARNING OUTCOMES By the end of this chapter, readers should: • be able to define an argument and distinguish between the general meanings of argument and legal argument; • understand the relationship between the diagnosis of problems and the construction of rules to solve problems; • understand the difference between fact analysis and legal analysis and the connections between these activities; • be able to basically define and then differentiate between inductive, deductive and abductive reasoning; • be aware of the need to develop critical thinking; • understand the way in which an argument relies on factual analysis, legal reasoning, persuasion and critical thinking; • be able to note the connections between language and argument; • be able to construct a modified Wigmore Chart and apply it. To be able to construct a competent argument in relation to a legal problem to be solved according to rules of legal reasoning acceptable within the English legal system; • be able to construct a competent critical argument relating to theoretical aspects of the study of law.

2012 ◽  
pp. 211-211
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Legal Reasoning ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Abductive Reasoning ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Argument Evaluation ◽  
Analysis Process ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Integrative Leadership is a Precursor of Engagement of Bank Employees in Pakistan

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 257
Author(s):  
Sanober Salman Shaikh ◽  
Chiraprapha Akaraborworn
Keyword(s):  
Employee Engagement ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Foreign Banks ◽  
Private Banks ◽  
Bank Employees ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Integrative Leadership ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this study was twofold: to examine the relationship and determine the predictive power of integrative leadership on employee engagement. To achieve the mentioned objectives, the quantitative research method was employed and data was collected through survey questionnaire from 1000 operational employees of all 21 private banks in Pakistan. The sample of 819 respondents was utilized for final analysis. Two stage sampling method was performed; non- probability sampling and stratified random sampling. The data analysis was done by use of correlation and multiple regression. The result indicated a positive correlation among all of the nine constructs of integrative leadership with employee engagement and the six constructs of integrative leadership significantly predicted employees’ engagement in private banks in Pakistan. Additionally, analysis of variance was performed to assess the differences in employee engagement among the respondents’ demographic characteristics. The ANOVA result showed that the employees working in a conventional and Islamic bank and age 49 and above group, predicted a difference only in the satisfaction dimension of employee engagement. Furthermore, the current bank experience indicated the difference in overall employee engagement. This study adds value to the literature as it contributes empirical evidence on integrative leadership and employee engagement. This study can be helpful for private banks, also for public & foreign banks and other organizations in Pakistan in adopting integrative leadership for enhancing employee engagement. 

scholarly journals A template-based approach to the modification of binding properties of globular proteins II: Rationale and proposed approach.

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imadol V Jeff-Eke
Keyword(s):  
Structural Reorganization ◽  
Binding Properties ◽  
Site Structure ◽  
Probability Bias ◽  
Specific Complex ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Given ◽  
The Relationship

We present a rationale and proposed approach to the modification and development of bind sites using their respective cognate ligands as template. This is in support of a plausible “instructive” role for the ligand and therefore its involvement in determination of the structure and properties of bind sites. We emphasize the relationship between substrate and active site as an example of the relationship between ligand and bind sites, respectively. This is based on the assumption that there are shared features between all ligand:bind site complexes. Therefore, principles that apply to a specific complex can be applied, in general, to other protein-based complexes. We define ligand-associated probability bias as the difference between the probability of finding activity-determining conformations (ADCs) in the presence- and absence of ligands. For cognate ligands, the given bias is in favor of these ADCs. Thus, bind sites are more likely to assume ADCs when their cognate ligands are present. We relate such probability bias to structural reorganization, disorganization, and preorganization events. We then propose a means of deriving an [apparent] preorganized bind site structure by way of reorganization events that occur with cognate ligand. Finally, we propose a means of deriving an [actual] preorganized bind site structure by way of reorganization events that occur with cognate ligand, albeit during the folding process. The assumption is that the role of the ligand in derivation of such [actual] preorganized bind site structures is an instructive role, and is in support of the Haurowitz-Pauling hypothesis.

scholarly journals A template-based approach to the modification of binding properties of globular proteins II: Rationale and proposed approach.

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imadol V Jeff-Eke
Keyword(s):  
Structural Reorganization ◽  
Binding Properties ◽  
Site Structure ◽  
Probability Bias ◽  
Specific Complex ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Given ◽  
The Relationship

We present a rationale and proposed approach to the modification and development of bind sites using their respective cognate ligands as template. This is in support of a plausible “instructive” role for the ligand and therefore its involvement in determination of the structure and properties of bind sites. We emphasize the relationship between substrate and active site as an example of the relationship between ligand and bind sites, respectively. This is based on the assumption that there are shared features between all ligand:bind site complexes. Therefore, principles that apply to a specific complex can be applied, in general, to other protein-based complexes. We define ligand-associated probability bias as the difference between the probability of finding activity-determining conformations (ADCs) in the presence- and absence of ligands. For cognate ligands, the given bias is in favor of these ADCs. Thus, bind sites are more likely to assume ADCs when their cognate ligands are present. We relate such probability bias to structural reorganization, disorganization, and preorganization events. We then propose a means of deriving an [apparent] preorganized bind site structure by way of reorganization events that occur with cognate ligand. Finally, we propose a means of deriving an [actual] preorganized bind site structure by way of reorganization events that occur with cognate ligand, albeit during the folding process. The assumption is that the role of the ligand in derivation of such [actual] preorganized bind site structures is an instructive role, and is in support of the Haurowitz-Pauling hypothesis.

The Relationship between Critical Thinking Ability of Iranian English Translation Students and Their Translation Ability

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 541
Author(s):  
Nooshin Azin ◽  
Hossein Heidari Tabrizi
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
English Translation ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Critical Thinking Skills ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Senior English ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Teaching Thinking ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between critical thinking and translation ability of Iranian English translation students. Moreover, the difference between critical thinking skills of males and females was explored. The participants of this study were 86 Iranian senior English translation students of Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr branch. For gathering data two kinds of instruments were used: a critical thinking questionnaire (The Persian version of CCTST- form B) and English to Persian translation test. The findings revealed no significant difference between critical thinking abilities of females and males. Thus it can be concluded that gender has no role in critical thinking abilities of the Iranian EFL learners.  Furthermore, the results of this study indicated that learners with more critical abilities were more successful in translation performance. These findings highlight the importance of teaching thinking skills to our learners and Integrating problem solving activities that need critical thinking in our teaching and learning process.

Experimental Determination of Early Shrinkage of Alkali-Activated Slag

2019 ◽  
Vol 292 ◽  
pp. 114-119
Author(s):  
Martin Alexa ◽  
Dalibor Kocáb ◽  
Barbara Kucharczyková ◽  
Jan Kotrla
Keyword(s):  
Autogenous Shrinkage ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Alkali Activated Slag ◽  
Detailed Evaluation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Organic Admixture ◽  
Activated Slag ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Alkali Activated

This paper deals with the relationship between chemical processes in the early stages of hydration of alkali-activated slag, volume changes and the development of the microstructure of this material. Two test pastes were produced for the purpose of the experiment - one with and the other without an organic admixture (isopropyl alcohol). The pastes were used to monitor autogenous shrinkage by measuring volume changes and at the same time the changes in the material during setting and early hardening using a modern ultrasonic instrument Vikasonic. The output of the described experiment is a detailed evaluation of the difference in the behaviour of the used alkali-activated paste with and without the addition of an organic admixture.

scholarly journals A template-based approach to the modification of binding properties of globular proteins II: Rationale and proposed approach.

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imadol V Jeff-Eke
Keyword(s):  
Structural Reorganization ◽  
Binding Properties ◽  
Site Structure ◽  
Probability Bias ◽  
Specific Complex ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Given ◽  
The Relationship

We present a rationale and proposed approach to the modification and development of bind sites using their respective cognate ligands as template. This is in support of a plausible “instructive” role for the ligand and therefore its involvement in determination of the structure and properties of bind sites. We emphasize the relationship between substrate and active site as an example of the relationship between ligand and bind sites, respectively. This is based on the assumption that there are shared features between all ligand:bind site complexes. Therefore, principles that apply to a specific complex can be applied, in general, to other protein-based complexes. We define ligand-associated probability bias as the difference between the probability of finding activity-determining conformations (ADCs) in the presence- and absence of ligands. For cognate ligands, the given bias is in favor of these ADCs. Thus, bind sites are more likely to assume ADCs when their cognate ligands are present. We relate such probability bias to structural reorganization, disorganization, and preorganization events. We then propose a means of deriving an [apparent] preorganized bind site structure by way of reorganization events that occur with cognate ligand. Finally, we propose a means of deriving an [actual] preorganized bind site structure by way of reorganization events that occur with cognate ligand, albeit during the folding process. The assumption is that the role of the ligand in derivation of such [actual] preorganized bind site structures is an instructive role, and is in support of the Haurowitz-Pauling hypothesis.

scholarly journals Voice or Voice-Over? Harnessing the Relationship between a Child’s Right to Be Heard and Legal Agency through Norwegian Bullying Cases

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sevda Clark
Keyword(s):  
Final Analysis ◽  
Close Reading ◽  
Legal Interpretation ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Rights Of The Child ◽  
Education Act ◽  
The Relationship

This article offers an analysis of the child’s right to be heard under Article 12 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and its application in Norway, through a case study of bullying. The methodology combines a “top-down” legal interpretation of Article 12 in addition to an analysis of Section 9a of the <em>Education Act</em>, juxtaposed with bottom-up approaches. First, a legal analysis of Article 12 and the General Comments of the Convention on the Rights of the Child Committee is provided, with a view to demonstrating the strength of the connection between agency and voice. Looking from the bottom up, therefore, the article then pursues the voices of the bullied children themselves. It places its ear to the ground, so to speak, through an examination of complaints submitted by children to the Ombudsman for Children, in order to “hear” the voices of children subjected to bullying at school, before they are formulated in legal terms before judicial bodies. Finally, I offer a close reading of the report on Section 9a commissioned by the Norwegian Government, published in a 2015 Report (the “Djupedal Report”) in tandem with the leading Supreme Court 2012 decision on bullying, so as to critically examine the fulfilment of Article 12 in Norway. In the final analysis, I argue that in Norwegian bullying cases, though the child has the legal right to be heard, there is no voice, due to the limitations of legal agency for children pursuant to Article 12 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.

scholarly journals Evaluation of axial length to identify the effects of monocular 0.125% atropine treatment for pediatric anisometropia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Po-Hsiang Kao ◽  
Lan-Hsin Chuang ◽  
Chi-Chun Lai ◽  
Shin-Yi Chen ◽  
Ken-Kuo Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Treatment Period ◽  
Axial Length ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Concave Function ◽  
Quadratic Regression ◽  
Atropine Treatment ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Best Fit

AbstractThe aim of the study is to determine the effects of monocular 0.125% atropine daily treatment on the longer axial length (AL) eyes in children with pediatric anisometropia. This was a retrospective cohort study. The charts of children with anisometropia (aged 6–15 years) who had a > 0.2-mm difference in AL between the two eyes were reviewed. Children who received monocular treatment of 0.125% atropine in the eye with longer AL were included for final analysis. The main outcome measure was the difference in AL between the two eyes after treatment. Regression analysis was used to model the changes in AL according to the time of treatment in both eyes. Finally, forty eyes in 20 patients (mean age 10.2 years) were included in the analyses. During the treatment period, AL was controlled in the treated eyes (p = 0.389) but elongated significantly in the untreated eyes (p < 0.001). The difference in AL between the treated and untreated eyes decreased from 0.57 to 0.22 mm (p < 0.001) after the 1-year treatment period. In the regression model, the best fit for the relationship between changes in AL and time during the treatment period in the treated eyes was the quadratic regression model with a concave function. In conclusion, these data suggest that 0.125% atropine daily is an effective treatment to reduce the interocular difference of AL in eyes with axial anisometropia. This pilot study provides useful information for future prospective and larger studies of atropine for the treatment of pediatric axial anisometropia.

scholarly journals The n-fatty acids

1930 ◽  
Vol 128 (807) ◽  
pp. 214-252 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Arachidic Acid ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
The Relationship

The normal fatty acids may unquestionably be regarded as one of the most interesting and important groups of chemical compounds. Many of them occur commonly in nature, and form the basis of valuable industrial products. The part which they and their derivatives play in life processes gives them a particular interest to the biologist. As compounds, which appear to be readily obtainable pure, and which form regular series including a comparatively large number of individuals, they furnish the chemist and physicist with material peculiarly adapted for the study of the relationship between constitution and properties. For these reasons they have been the subject of an almost endless number of investigations, in which the preparation and properties both of individual members or groups of individuals have been studied. At this stage, it might well have been assumed that every member of the series had long since been obtained pure, and its properties determined with so high a degree of accuracy, that only the exacting requirements of some new investigation would have demanded further study of the subject. Reference to the literature of the subject, however, showed that the real position was by no means satisfactory. While, on the one hand, the results of the determination of such a property as the melting point of certain members of the series, for instance, arachidic acid, obtained from various natural sources by chemists of established reputation, gave a constant value, and while the criteria of purity of the various samples were quite satisfactory, the material was certainly not identical with samples of the corresponding acid prepared synthetically. The difference was in some cases such as to justify the assumption that the natural and synthetic acids were differently constituted, but no theory could be found to account for the observed differences.

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