The EU budget between bargaining tool and policy instrument

2019 ◽  
pp. 30-43
Author(s):  
Mario Kölling
Keyword(s):  
Policy Instrument ◽  
The Eu

scholarly journals Policy Instrument Supply and Demand: How the Renewable Electricity Auction Took over the World

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar W Fitch-Roy ◽  
David Benson ◽  
Bridget Woodman
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
State Aid ◽  
Renewable Electricity ◽  
Energy Union ◽  
Eu Energy Policy ◽  
Rapid Ascent ◽  
Renewable Electricity Generation ◽  
The Eu

The selection and design of renewable electricity support instruments is an important part of European Union (EU) energy policy and central to the governance of the Energy Union. In 2014, the European Commission published updated guidelines for state aid that effectively mandate the EU-wide implementation of auctions for allocating revenue support to commercial scale renewable electricity generation. This article argues that the RES auction’s rapid ascent towards dominance is explained by a coincidence of an activist interpretation of EU state aid law creating demand for knowledge about the instrument and the emergence of a ready source of supply from a burgeoning community of a RES auction specialists and experts. Knowledge gained through EU-wide implementation of auctions further adds to supply of auctions expertise among the community. The implications of positive feedback between instrument demand and the growing supply of knowledge about an instrument reinforces the importance of critical engagement between policymakers and policy experts.

Pre-departure Integration Strategies in the European Union: Integration or Immigration Policy?

2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kees Groenendijk
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Political Debate ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Legal Constraints ◽  
Integration Strategies ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Eu

AbstractSeveral States require immigrants from outside the EU to participate in language or integration courses after arrival. In recent years, some EU Member States made passing a language test (Netherlands and Germany) or participating in a language course (France) a condition for a visa for family reunification for immigrants from certain third countries. Denmark and the UK introduced a similar requirement in 2010. The focus of his article is on three aspects: the political debate, the legal constraints and the effects. Firstly, the development of the pre-departure integration strategies is analyzed. What was the rationale behind the introduction and does is vary between Member States? Secondly, the legal constraints of EU and international law are discussed. Finally, the results of the first studies evaluating this policy instrument are presented. Is pre-departure a good predictor for immigrant’s ability to integrate? Does it actually assist integration, and what are the unexpected or counterproductive effects?

Die materielle Fusionskontrolle in der VR China und in der Europäischen Union

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Ma
Keyword(s):  
Market Economy ◽  
Socialist Country ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Merger Control ◽  
Eu Merger Control ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Vr China ◽  
Control Regime ◽  
The Eu

This paper examines the similarities and differences between the European and Chinese merger control systems, thereby considering the decision-making practice of the responsible competition authorities in China and the EU. Merger control is an important economic policy instrument both in China and in the EU. Traditionally, merger control essentially serves the purpose of preventing unwanted monopolies and other structural impairments of competition. In the EU, merger control is an important instrument of strengthening competition and the market economy in the inner-European market. Given that China considers itself to be a socialist country, the fact that China also has introduced a merger control system that largely meets international standards is remarkable. In a socialist country, the economic system is usually a planned economy instead of a market economy. Competition does not play a comparable role. Nevertheless, China created a merger control regime which was strongly influenced by European merger control in 2008. In many instances, even the same terminology was incorporated into the provisions. European merger control thus served as a model for the creation of Chinese merger control. Despite these similarities, there are also significant differences between European and Chinese merger control. These special features lie, in particular, in the consideration and weighting of non-competitive factors, such as public interest or national economic development. The deviations are due to the functions and objectives of the Chinese merger control regime.

The Globalization of Carbon Trading: Transnational Business Coalitions in Climate Politics

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 26-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Meckling
Keyword(s):  
Global Climate ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
Carbon Trading ◽  
Environmental Groups ◽  
Climate Politics ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Eu

Over the past decade, carbon trading has emerged as the policy instrument of choice in the industrialized world to address global climate change. In this article I argue that a transnational business coalition, representing mostly energy firms and energy-intensive manufacturers, actively promoted the global rise of carbon trading. In this process, business was able to draw on the support of government allies and business-oriented environmental groups, particularly in the UK and the US. Alongside its allies, the coalition had pivotal influence in the internationalization of carbon trading through the Kyoto Protocol, in the U-turn of the EU from skeptic to frontrunner on carbon trading and in the re-import of carbon trading to the US. While business was not able to prevent mandatory emission controls, it was able to critically affect the regulatory style of climate policy in favor of low-cost, market-based options.

THE CHANGING ROLE OF CARBON PRICING IN THE EU

2020 ◽  
Vol 251 ◽  
pp. R13-R24
Author(s):  
Milan Elkerbout
Keyword(s):  
Climate Policy ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
Policy Mix ◽  
Carbon Pricing ◽  
International Climate Policy ◽  
Climate Change Mitigation Policy ◽  
International Climate ◽  
Changing Role ◽  
The Eu

Carbon pricing has been the most prominent climate change mitigation policy for the EU since the launch of its emissions trading system (ETS) in 2005. Since then, the context of international climate policy as well as of the socio-political and economical context of decarbonisation has changed considerably. The 2015 Paris Agreement engages virtually every country unlike its predecessor, while non-carbon pricing policies have led to rapid cost reductions in renewables, even if other sectors (particularly in energy-intensive industry) have not seen similar developments. This paper examines how the role of carbon pricing in the EU climate policy mix has evolved from its beginnings as a means to help achieve modest targets under the Kyoto Protocol, to a policy instrument increasingly augmented by a wider policy mix aimed at reaching no net emissions of greenhouse gases by mid-century.

Freedom of Information in the EU in the midst of Legal Rules, Jurisprudence and Ombudsprudence: the European Ombudsman as Developer of Norms of Good Administration

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (04) ◽  
pp. 641-672
Author(s):  
Dacian Dragos ◽  
Bogdana Neamtu
Keyword(s):  
Good Governance ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
Freedom Of Information ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
European Code ◽  
Individual Decisions ◽  
The Eu

European Ombudsman – Free access to information in the EU – Regulation No 1049/2001– Standard of assessment used by European Ombudsman – Legal norms versus norms of good administration and whether good administration can be understood outside legality – European Code of Good Administrative Behaviour and the rather ambiguous concept of maladministration – European Ombudsman as developer of norms of good administration in the area of free access to information – A rather limited role as developer of norms of good administration for the European Ombudsman in individual decisions – Role in ‘translating’ the case law into somewhat more accessible jargon and explaining how existing principles and norms of good governance apply to the circumstances of a specific case – Own inquiries as a policy instrument for advising EU institutions and agencies on how to deal with certain aspects pertaining to access to documents and transparency – Interesting interplay between European Ombudsman and the courts

scholarly journals Environmental Taxation as a Policy Instrument for Green Growth

2019 ◽  
Vol 19(34) (3) ◽  
pp. 35-45
Author(s):  
Maksym Klymenko
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
Environmental Taxation ◽  
Environmental Taxes ◽  
Resource Utilisation ◽  
Green Growth ◽  
European Experience ◽  
Economic Instrument ◽  
The Eu

The article is devoted to environmental taxation as a tool for green growth and assistant to solve environmental issues of the world and Ukraine in particular. Nowadays, the world's economic growth goes side by side with environmental protection, and taxation aims to become an economic instrument to stop large-scale over-use of energy and consider effective resource utilisation, expand the share of organic farming and move towards “green” economy. The paper identifies the main groups of environmental taxes in the EU countries, analyses the European experience of the economic impact on the environment protection, examines possible ways of environmental taxation reforming in Ukraine, based on successful foreign experience.

scholarly journals Downloading Europe: A Regional Comparison in the Uptake of the EU Forest Action Plan

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 3999
Author(s):  
Filip Aggestam ◽  
Helga Pülzl
Keyword(s):  
Action Plan ◽  
National Level ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Implementation Strategies ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

The first EU Forest Strategy was adopted in 1998 to provide general guidelines for an EU forest policy designed to coordinate other EU forest-relevant policies. The implementation of the first strategy was done under the auspices of the EU Forest Action Plan, covering the period from 2007 to 2011. The Forest Action Plan was a tool that facilitated voluntary cooperation between EU Member States (no enforcement capabilities), with some coordinating actions being implemented by the European Commission. The reason for returning to the Forest Action Plan in this article is to provide further insight into how it was employed by EU Member States—in contrast to the majority of similar articles on the topic, which are primarily concerned with an examination of EU forest-relevant policies by either analyzing the impact of EU decision-making on forestry at the national level or studying EU Member States’ influence on the EU rather than how EU Member States actually react to EU strategies. This paper addresses this empirical gap and highlights the significant variations of the Europeanization effects on EU Member States when deciding upon and implementing a non-legally binding policy instrument when compared to legally binding policy instruments. Individual Member States exhibit varied strategies when implementing a soft policy instrument, as their respective decision spaces are substantially different, particularly when the costs and benefits of complying are not comparable to those of a legally binding instrument. These results highlight the need for a more nuanced and varied approach to the implementation of soft policy instruments by the EU, with the additional implementation strategies suggested in this article being presented to assist in meeting this need for variation.

Ein Schuldenerlass als Ende mit Schrecken?

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-307
Author(s):  
Arne Hansen ◽  
Dirk Meyer
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Capital Market ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
External Support ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European System ◽  
Equity Position ◽  
Legal Integration ◽  
The Eu

Abstract The rising debt-to-GDP ratios of the eurozone member states result not least from the coronavirus crisis. Without external support, especially with regard to Italy, but also for other Mediterranean states, access to the capital market could be seriously threatened in the medium run. The recovery fund ‘Next Generation EU’ likely directs the fundamental structures of the European Union (EU) towards a fiscal union with considerable transfer elements, while the Pandemic Emergency Purchase Programme (PEPP), which is declared as a monetary policy instrument, is even discussed as a violation of the prohibition of monetary financing. As an alternative, this contribution analyses a debt relief by the European System of Central Banks (ESCB), implemented via an EU debt agency. This construction would avoid a negative equity position of the central banks and also enable a legal integration into the EU system. The question remains: What would be the consequences of such a non-recurring step?

scholarly journals Debt Relief as a Last Resort for the Lender of Last Resort?

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 223-233
Author(s):  
Arne Hansen ◽  
Dirk Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Policy Instrument ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Debt Relief ◽  
External Support ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Lender Of Last Resort ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Member States ◽  
European System ◽  
The Eu

AbstractThe coronavirus crisis has led to a sharp increase in the debt-to-GDP ratios of the euro area member states. Without external support, access to the capital market could be seriously threatened in the medium term for Italy, but also for other member states. While the Pandemic Emergency Purchase Programme, which is designed as a monetary policy instrument, is regarded by some as a violation of the prohibition of monetary financing, the Next Generation EU recovery fund is likely to direct the fundamental structures of the European Union towards a fiscal union with considerable redistribution elements. This article analyses an alternative strategy, namely debt relief by the European System of Central Banks through an EU debt agency. Such a scheme would be possible without amending the EU treaties and would avoid negative equity at the central banks. The question is under what circumstances would this approach be suitable and proportionate?

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