On the modeling of strong motion parameters and correlation with historical macroseismic data: an application to the 1915 Avezzano earthquake

This article describes the results of a ground motion modeling study of the 1915 Avezzano earthquake. The goal was to test assuinptions regarding the rupture process of this earthquake by attempting to model the damage to historical monuments and populated habitats during the earthquake. The methodology used combines stochastic and deterministic modeling techniques to synthesize strong ground motion, starting from a simple characterization of the earthquake source on an extended fault plane. The stochastic component of the methodology is used to simulate high-frequency ground motion oscillations. The envelopes of these synthetic waveforms, however, are simulated in a deterministic way based on the isochron formulation for the calculation of radiated seismic energy. Synthetic acceleration time histories representative of ground motion experienced at the towns of Avezzano, Celano, Ortucchio, and Sora are then analyzed in terms of the damage to historical buildings at these sites. The article also discusses how the same methodology can be adapted to efficiently evaluate various strong motion parameters such as duration and amplitude of ground shaking, at several hundreds of surface sites and as a function of rupture process. The usefulness of such a technique is illustrated through the inodeling of intensity data from the Avezzano earthquake. One of the most interesting results is that it is possible to distinguish between different rupture scenarios for the 1915 earthquake based on the goodness of fit of theoretical intensities to observed values.

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EMPIRICAL MODE DECOMPOSITION OF EARTHQUAKE ACCELEROGRAMS

Advances in Adaptive Data Analysis ◽

10.1142/s1793536912500227 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 04 (04) ◽

pp. 1250022 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

S. T. G. RAGHUKANTH ◽

S. SANGEETHA

Keyword(s):

Ground Motion ◽

Empirical Mode Decomposition ◽

Strong Motion ◽

Hilbert Huang Transform ◽

Motion Data ◽

Mode Decomposition ◽

Acceleration Time Histories ◽

Recording Station ◽

Time Histories ◽

Motion Parameters

This article analyzes the strong motion records of past earthquakes by empirical mode decomposition (EMD) technique. The recorded earthquake acceleration time histories are decomposed into a finite number of empirical modes of oscillation. The instantaneous frequency and amplitude of these modes and evolutionary power spectral density (PSD) is estimated from the Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT). Strong motion parameters such as spectral and temporal centroid, spectral and temporal standard deviation, Arias intensity, correlation coefficient of frequency and time are derived from the evolutionary PSD. The variation of these parameters with magnitude, distance and shear wave velocity of the recording station is reported. Empirical equations to estimate these six ground motion parameters are derived from the strong motion data by regression analysis. These equations can be used by engineers to estimate the design ground motion.

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A Procedure to Select Earthquake Time Histories for Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis: Case Studies of Major Cities in Taiwan

10.5194/nhess-2017-33 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Duruo Huang ◽

Wenqi Du

Keyword(s):

Seismic Hazard ◽

Ground Motion ◽

Ground Surface ◽

Strong Motion ◽

Response Spectra ◽

Dynamic Responses ◽

Motion Time ◽

Acceleration Time Histories ◽

Time Histories ◽

Deterministic Seismic Hazard

Abstract. In performance-based seismic design, ground-motion time histories are needed for analyzing dynamic responses of nonlinear structural systems. However, the number of strong-motion data at design level is often limited. In order to analyze seismic performance of structures, ground-motion time histories need to be either selected from recorded strong-motion database, or numerically simulated using stochastic approaches. In this paper, a detailed procedure to select proper acceleration time histories from the Next Generation Attenuation (NGA) database for several cities in Taiwan is presented. Target response spectra are initially determined based on a local ground motion prediction equation under representative deterministic seismic hazard analyses. Then several suites of ground motions are selected for these cities using the Design Ground Motion Library (DGML), a recently proposed interactive ground-motion selection tool. The selected time histories are representatives of the regional seismic hazard, and should be beneficial to earthquake studies when comprehensive seismic hazard assessments and site investigations are yet available. Note that this method is also applicable to site-specific motion selections with the target spectra near the ground surface considering the site effect.

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Systematic Ground Motion Observations in the Canterbury Earthquakes and Region-Specific Non-Ergodic Empirical Ground Motion Modeling

Earthquake Spectra ◽

10.1193/053013eqs137m ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. 1735-1761 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Brendon A. Bradley

Keyword(s):

Standard Deviation ◽

Ground Motion ◽

Strong Motion ◽

Central Business District ◽

Motion Modeling ◽

Strong Motion Station ◽

Systematic Effects ◽

Canterbury Earthquake Sequence ◽

Business District ◽

A Site

This paper presents an examination of ground motion observations from 20 near-source strong motion stations during the most significant ten events in the 2010–2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence to examine region-specific systematic effects based on relaxing the conventional ergodic assumption. On the basis of similar site-to-site residuals, surfical geology, and geographical proximity, 15 of the 20 stations are grouped into four sub-regions: the Central Business District; and Western, Eastern, and Northern suburbs. Mean site-to-site residuals for these sub-regions then allows for the possibility of non-ergodic ground motion prediction over these sub-regions of Canterbury, rather than only at strong motion station locations. The ratio of the total non-ergodic vs. ergodic standard deviation is found to be, on average, consistent with previous studies, however it is emphasized that on a site-by-site basis the non-ergodic standard deviation can easily vary by ±20%.

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Strong motion accelerograph records from the 1993 Napierville earthquake

Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering ◽

10.1139/l95-017 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 190-196

Author(s):

René Tinawi ◽

André Filiatrault ◽

Pierre Léger

Keyword(s):

Ground Motion ◽

Energy Content ◽

Strong Motion ◽

Response Spectra ◽

High Energy ◽

Period Range ◽

Attenuation Relationships ◽

Acceleration Time Histories ◽

Short Period ◽

Time Histories

An earthquake of magnitude ML = 4.3 occurred near Napierville, Quebec, on November 16, 1993. An accelerograph at the liquefaction, storage, and regasification plant of Gaz Metropolitain in Montreal, about 55 km from the epicentre, recorded the ground motion. Although the maximum accelerations and velocities from this event are small, the acceleration time histories do confirm the high energy content in the very short period range. The recorded ground motion and corresponding absolute acceleration response spectra are presented and various attenuation relationships, proposed for eastern North America, are utilized to compare the measured and predicted ground motion parameters. Key words: Napierville earthquake, attenuation relationships, acceleration spectra, strong motion records.

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Ground motion and rupture process of the 2003 Tokachi-oki earthquake obtained from strong motion data of K-NET and KiK-net

Earth Planets and Space ◽

10.1186/bf03353058 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 56 (3) ◽

pp. 317-322 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Ryou Honda ◽

Shin Aoi ◽

Nobuyuki Morikawa ◽

Haruko Sekiguchi ◽

Takashi Kunugi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ground Motion ◽

Strong Motion ◽

Rupture Process ◽

Strong Motion Data ◽

Motion Data

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Inferences on the source mechanisms of the 1930 Irpinia (Southern Italy) earthquake from simulations of the kinematic rupture process

Annals of Geophysics ◽

10.4401/ag-3372 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 47 (6) ◽

Author(s):

A. Emolo ◽

G. Iannaccone ◽

A. Zollo ◽

A. Gorini

Keyword(s):

Ground Motion ◽

Southern Italy ◽

Empirical Relationship ◽

Normal Fault ◽

Rupture Process ◽

Macroseismic Data ◽

Macroseismic Field ◽

Good Reproduction ◽

Source Mechanisms ◽

Source Models

We examine here a number of parameters that define the source of the earthquake that occurred on 23rd July 1930 in Southern Italy (in the Irpinia region). Starting from the source models proposed in different studies, we have simulated the acceleration field for each hypothesized model, and compared it with the macroseismic data. We then used the hybrid stochastic-deterministic technique proposed by Zollo et al. (1997) for the simulation of the ground motion associated with the rupture of an extended fault. The accelerations simulated for several sites were associated with the intensities using the empirical relationship proposed by Trifunac and Brady (1975), before being compared with the available data from the macroseismic catalogue. A good reproduction of the macroseismic field is provided by a normal fault striking in Apenninic direction (approximately NW-SE) and dipping 55° toward the SW.

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First‐Order Mantle Subduction‐Zone Structure Effects on Ground Motion: The 2016 Mw 7.1 Iniskin and 2018 Mw 7.1 Anchorage Earthquakes

Seismological Research Letters ◽

10.1785/0220190197 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 91 (1) ◽

pp. 85-93 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Michael Everett Mann ◽

Geoffrey A. Abers

Keyword(s):

Ground Motion ◽

Strong Motion ◽

Zone Structure ◽

Kenai Peninsula ◽

Ground Shaking ◽

Intermediate Depth ◽

First Order ◽

Basin Effects ◽

Order Of Magnitude ◽

Back Arc

Abstract The 24 January 2016 Iniskin, Alaska earthquake, at Mw 7.1 and 111 km depth, is the largest intermediate‐depth earthquake felt in Alaska, with recorded accelerations reaching 0.2g near Anchorage. Ground motion from the Iniskin earthquake is underpredicted by at least an order of magnitude near Anchorage and the Kenai Peninsula, and is similarly overpredicted in the back‐arc north and west of Cook Inlet. This is in strong contrast to the 30 November 2018 earthquake near Anchorage that was also Mw 7.1 but only 48 km deep. The Anchorage earthquake signals show strong distance decay and are generally well predicted by ground‐motion prediction equations. Smaller intermediate‐depth earthquakes (depth>70 km and 3<M<6.4) with hypocenters near the Iniskin mainshock show similar patterns in ground shaking as the Iniskin earthquake, indicating that the shaking pattern is due to path effects and not the source. The patterns indicate a first‐order role for mantle attenuation in the spatial variability of strong motion. In addition, along‐slab paths appear to be amplified by waveguide effects due to the subduction of crust at >1 Hz; the Anchorage and Kenai regions are particularly susceptible to this amplification due to their fore‐arc position. Both of these effects are absent in the 2018 Anchorage shaking pattern, because that earthquake is shallower and waves largely propagate in the upper‐plate crust. Basin effects are also present locally, but these effects do not explain the first‐order amplitude variations. These analyses show that intermediate‐depth earthquakes can pose a significant shaking hazard, and the pattern of shaking is strongly controlled by mantle structure.

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Ensemble ShakeMaps for Magnitude 9 Earthquakes on the Cascadia Subduction Zone

Seismological Research Letters ◽

10.1785/0220200240 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 92 (1) ◽

pp. 199-211

Author(s):

Erin A. Wirth ◽

Alex Grant ◽

Nasser A. Marafi ◽

Arthur D. Frankel

Keyword(s):

Ground Motion ◽

Strong Motion ◽

Sedimentary Basins ◽

Earthquake Rupture ◽

Logic Tree ◽

Ground Shaking ◽

Amplification Factors ◽

Earthquake Scenarios ◽

The Pacific ◽

Tree Approach

Abstract We develop ensemble ShakeMaps for various magnitude 9 (M 9) earthquakes on the Cascadia megathrust. Ground-shaking estimates are based on 30 M 9 Cascadia earthquake scenarios, which were selected using a logic-tree approach that varied the hypocenter location, down-dip rupture limit, slip distribution, and location of strong-motion-generating subevents. In a previous work, Frankel et al. (2018) used a hybrid approach (i.e., 3D deterministic simulations for frequencies <1 Hz and stochastic synthetics for frequencies >1 Hz) and uniform site amplification factors to create broadband seismograms from this set of 30 earthquake scenarios. Here, we expand on this work by computing site-specific amplification factors for the Pacific Northwest and applying these factors to the ground-motion estimates derived from Frankel et al. (2018). In addition, we use empirical ground-motion models (GMMs) to expand the ground-shaking estimates beyond the original model extent of Frankel et al. (2018) to cover all of Washington State, Oregon, northern California, and southern British Columbia to facilitate the use of these ensemble ShakeMaps in region-wide risk assessments and scenario planning exercises. Using this updated set of 30 M 9 Cascadia earthquake scenarios, we present ensemble ShakeMaps for the median, 2nd, 16th, 84th, and 98th percentile ground-motion intensity measures. Whereas traditional scenario ShakeMaps are based on a single hypothetical earthquake rupture, our ensemble ShakeMaps take advantage of a logic-tree approach to estimating ground motions from multiple earthquake rupture scenarios. In addition, 3D earthquake simulations capture important features such as strong ground-motion amplification in the Pacific Northwest’s sedimentary basins, which are not well represented in the empirical GMMs that compose traditional scenario ShakeMaps. Overall, our results highlight the importance of strong-motion-generating subevents for coastal sites, as well as the amplification of long-period ground shaking in deep sedimentary basins, compared with previous scenario ShakeMaps for Cascadia.

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Partitioning Ground Motion Uncertainty When Conditioned on Station Data

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America ◽

10.1785/0120210177 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Davis T. Engler ◽

C. Bruce Worden ◽

Eric M. Thompson ◽

Kishor S. Jaiswal

Keyword(s):

Ground Motion ◽

Strong Motion ◽

Macroseismic Intensity ◽

Observational Constraints ◽

Ground Shaking ◽

Ground Failure ◽

Strong Motion Station ◽

Station Data ◽

Uncertainty Estimates ◽

The World

ABSTRACT Rapid estimation of earthquake ground shaking and proper accounting of associated uncertainties in such estimates when conditioned on strong-motion station data or macroseismic intensity observations are crucial for downstream applications such as ground failure and loss estimation. The U.S. Geological Survey ShakeMap system is called upon to fulfill this objective in light of increased near-real-time access to strong-motion records from around the world. Although the station data provide a direct constraint on shaking estimates at specific locations, these data also heavily influence the uncertainty quantification at other locations. This investigation demonstrates methods to partition the within- (phi) and between-event (tau) uncertainty estimates under the observational constraints, especially when between-event uncertainties are heteroscedastic. The procedure allows the end users of ShakeMap to create separate between- and within-event realizations of ground-motion fields for downstream loss modeling applications in a manner that preserves the structure of the underlying random spatial processes.

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