scholarly journals Szkice emblematów Tomasza Tretera

Terminus ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-402
Keyword(s):  
Saint Augustine ◽  
General Concept ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gregory The Great

Tomasz Treter’s Emblem Designs This edition and translation of the newly discovered emblem designs by Tomasz Treter (1547–1610) is complementary to Alicja Bielak’s article (this issue) on a manuscript attributed to the Canon of Warmia. Anna Treter’s translation was intended to be faithful to the original in terms of content and style. The edition is based on the manuscript MM 378 from Biblioteca Civica Angelo Mai in Bergamo (fol. 9 r.–21 r.). The 25 sketches of emblems to be elaborated on below open Treter’s private notebook, with entries dating from the period between 20 June 1569 and 2 March 1575, as evidenced by the dates inside the codex, which does not exclude the possibility that Treter made corrections and additions after 1575. The notebook includes designs of full-sized emblems with titles, mottos, epigrams and images. Sketches drawn with a quill present a general concept of a composition, without any details (disegni). The title of the notebook was proposed by the editor as the author did not name it. The name written on the spine of the codex (Imprese) is likely to have been supplied later by an unknown person. As far as the themes dealt with in the emblems are concerned, the epigrams are mostly excerpts from the works of Saint Gregory the Great, Saint Augustine and Tertullian, (which was every time cited in the explanatory notes). In the commentary, the sources of graphical inspirations are also traced to Claude Paradin. The other 73 designs from the Bergamo codex, not included in this edition, are sketches of the emblems Symbolica vitae Christi meditatio (Braniewo: Jerzy Schönfels, 1612).

scholarly journals LEGAT W PRAWIE RZYMSKIM

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Loska
Keyword(s):  
Economic Benefit ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
General Concept ◽  
The Other ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
Legal Effect ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Times ◽  
Concept Of Law

A LEGACY IN THE ROMAN LAWSummary A notion of a legacy did not exist in the archaic Roman law as a homogenous concept of law and it developed as late as in the pre-classical Roman law. Even then, however, only particular types of legacies, rather than their general concept, were defined. Nevertheless, one may say that a legacy was a civil law instrument by means of which a testator left a certain economic benefit to a particular person, not making him\her an inheritor.At the beginning there were four basic types of legacy in the Roman law: legatum per vindicationem, legatum per praeceptionem, legatum per damnationem and legatum sinendi modo. The first two types had an effect of a disposition while the two latter ones of an obligation only. In sources there also exist two other types: legatum optionis and legatum partitionis. This last mentioned is similar to a later established concept of a fideicommissum, an informal legacy, which became actionable in the times of the Emperor August.Already in the ancient times one may observe a decrease in the significance of these types of legacy, the effects of which directly related to the ownership of objects (legatum per vindicationem and legatum per praeceptioneni).They were connected with the notion o f an ownership according to ius civile and formal means of transferring the ownership. They lost its significance when - beside the oldest civil law - praetorian law and emperors’ constitutions appeared and when the ownership was standardised. After the issuance of senatusconsultum Neronianum in the 1st century AD it became possible to retain the legal effectiveness of the legacies which until then were considered invalid due to a failure to preserve an appropriate form; an ex /^ con version took place. It resulted most probably in converting invalid legacies into legatum per damnationem.In the subsequent centuries, emperors’ constitutions led to a harmonisation o f the concept of legacy (while the division between the legacy having an effect of a disposition and an obligation was still preserved), and later on to equalisation in the legal effect of formal and informal legacies. The most important regulations were: the constitution of the Emperor Constantinus dated 339 AD, which abolished the requirement of solemnitas verbum and two constitutions of the Emperor Iustinianus - the first - dated 529 AD - introduced an identical legal nature of all legacies, the other - dated 531 AD - completely equalised legacies with fideicommissa. 

scholarly journals Role-Value Maps and General Concept Inclusions in the Minimal Description Logic with Value Restrictions or Revisiting Old Skeletons in the DL Cupboard

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-301
Author(s):  
Franz Baader ◽  
Clément Théron
Keyword(s):  
Description Logic ◽  
Direct Proof ◽  
General Concept ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Minimal Description ◽  
The Impact

Abstract We investigate the impact that general concept inclusions and role-value maps have on the complexity and decidability of reasoning in the description logic $$\mathcal{FL}_0$$ FL 0 . On the one hand, we give a more direct proof for ExpTime-hardness of subsumption w.r.t. general concept inclusions in $$\mathcal{FL}_0$$ FL 0 . On the other hand, we determine restrictions on role-value maps that ensure decidability of subsumption, but we also show undecidability for the cases where these restrictions are not satisfied.

scholarly journals Kollektives Verstehen

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-391
Author(s):  
Rico Hauswald
Keyword(s):  
General Concept ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cognitive Component ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Epistemic Attitudes

Abstract Many epistemic attitudes including belief and knowledge have already been examined to determine the extent to which they can be attributed to collectives. The epistemological literature on explanatory understanding and objectual understanding, on the other hand, has focused almost exclusively on individual subjects. However, there are many situations that can be described by sentences of the form “We understand P”, “We understand why p”, “Group G understands P”, or “G understands why p”. As I shall show, these situations can be classified into five categories: distributive, common, joint, deferential, and cooperative understanding. Based on a definitional scheme, according to which the general concept of understanding has a cognitive component, a factivity component, and an epistemic-pro-attitude component, this paper aims to analyse these five types.

scholarly journals Subset and Superset Language Relations as Way of Expression of Linguistic and Philosophical Generalization and Specialization Categories

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 01208
Author(s):  
Irina Nekipelova
Keyword(s):  
Human Mind ◽  
General Concept ◽  
The Other ◽  
Informational Content ◽  
Important Criterion ◽  
World Language ◽  
High Coefficient ◽  
World Picture ◽  
The World ◽  
The One

The article is devoted to a research of a linguistic and philosophical category of generalization and specialization. The generalization category is one of the most important categories of human mind. It is as important as the other categories, like analyzing and synthesizing, classification, extrapolation and analogy. On the one hand, generalization is a philosophical category, because it is one of world designing instruments and a world picture creation in mind of the human. On the other hand, generalization is also a linguistic category, because it is one of instruments of designing a world language picture. The certificate of it are the cross-disciplinary researches using knowledge of different sciences. The ability to draw conclusions is a feature of human minds. It allows a human to unite a logical and figurative approach to perception and understanding of the world. The research has shown that the generalization category realizes the subset and superset relations between language units. These relations assume communication of the general concept with the private concepts included in it. In the pragmatical plan, the generalization category is expressed in existing words having the generalized value. These words designate nonexistent denotations. At the same time, they correspond too many denotations. However, they do not call these denotations directly, but that is what it means. Designating a lot of things, the generalized words have a high coefficient of informational content. But this coefficient significantly decreases in specific conditions of a context. It is necessary to tell that the criterion of informational content is the important criterion of the language development. And we should see that generalization is one of ways of information growth in language. Subset and superset relations make human communications more successful.

When good is not good enough

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 332-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendrik M Wendland
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Institutional Design ◽  
General Concept ◽  
Internal Market ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand

Proportionality review has long been a tool of the ECJ to scrutinize national measures that impede the realization of the Internal Market. More recently, the ECJ has required those measures to be ‘consistent and systematic’. This paper shows the historical development of the ECJ’s jurisprudence and contrasts it with the approach taken by US Courts reviewing similar issues. Under consideration of the comparative findings, different framings for arguments of underinclusiveness and coherence under a general concept of proportionality review are derived: the arguments can determine not only the efficacy or suitability of a measure, but also play a role when analyzing proportionality stricto sensu. On the other hand, it is argued that the sub-test of necessity is the wrong location for asserting those considerations. Most importantly, the ECJ – limited by its institutional design – uses the principle of coherence as a factor when interpreting the national law for its proper purpose.

Goths and Romans: Daniel Rock, Augustus Welby Pugin, and Nineteenth-Century English Worship

1999 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 289-319
Author(s):  
Judith F. Champ
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Musical Instruments ◽  
The Other ◽  
Harmonic Number ◽  
Gregorian Chant ◽  
Dead Weight ◽  
Gregory The Great ◽  
Ancient Music ◽  
The Church

The Chant or music used by the Papal choir, and indeed in most Catholic cathedrals and abbey churches is, excepting in some instances, ancient. Gregory the Great collected it into a body and gave it the form in which it now appears, though not the author of it. The chant of the psalms is simple and affecting, composed of Lydian, Phrygian and other Greek and Roman tunes, without many notes, but with a sufficient inflection to render them soft and plaintive or bold and animating…. This ancient music which has long been known by the name of the Gregorian chant, so well adapted to the gravity of divine service, has been much disfigured in the process of time by the bad taste of the middle and the false refinements of the latter ages. The first encumbered it with an endless succession of dull unnecessary notes, dragging their slow length along, and burthening the ear with a dead weight of sound; the other infected it with the melting airs, the laboured execution, the effeminate graces of the orchestra, useless to say the least even in the theatre, but profane and almost sacrilegious in the church. Some care seems to have been taken to avoid these defects in the papal choir. The general style and spirit of the ancient and primitive music have been retained and some modern compositions of known and acknowledged merit, introduced on stated days and in certain circumstances. Of musical instruments, the organ only is additional in St Peters, or rather in the Papal chapel, and even then not always: voices only are employed in general, and as those voices are numerous, perfect in their kind, and in thorough unison with one another, and as the singers themselves are concealed from view, the effect is enchanting and brings to mind ‘the celestial voices in full harmonic number joined’ that sometimes reached the ears of our first parents in paradise, and ‘lifted their thoughts to heaven’.

The Renewal of Phenomenology in France: Levinas and Marion

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-189
Author(s):  
Nóra Szegedi
Keyword(s):  
General Concept ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Third ◽  
Common Concept

Starting from Hans-Dieter Gondek’s and L/szl7 Tengelyi’s statement concerning the recent development of French phenomenology, I examine the relation between Marion’s phenomenology of givenness and Levinas’ ethics. Focusing on their common concept of the call (appeal), I demonstrate, first, that Marion’s general concept of the phenomenon is based on Levinas’ idea of the manifestation of the Other, which he deprives of its original ethical meaning. In the second part I criticize Marion’s anti-ethical reading of Levinas, while trying to give a tenable interpretation of the meaning of the ethical. Taking into consideration the results of the second section, in the third part, I look into the possibility of a different general phenomenology starting from Levinas’ ethics. By this rather sketchy idea I intend to provide a possible alternative to Marion’s general phenomenology of givenness, which maintains the privilege of the Other and, consequently, the primacy of ethics

Nieprzedawnialne roszczenia majątkowe w prawie cywilnym

2016 ◽  
pp. 149-171
Author(s):  
Mateusz Grochowski
Keyword(s):  
Similar Case ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Case Law ◽  
General Concept ◽  
The Other ◽  
Real Property ◽  
Close Link ◽  
Rule Set ◽  
Damage Claims ◽  
Prescription Rules

The text deals with the question of proprietary claims in the Polish civil law, which are exempted from prescription. The existence of such claims is a clear exception from the general rule set forth in Article 117 of the Civil Code (hereinafter: “CC”), which embraces all the proprietary claims with the general concept of prescription after the elapse of particular term (specified further in the following provisions). The article tries to explore the premises behind the general concept of lack of prescription, as well as to identify particular reasons for disapplication of Article 117 CC on the grounds of particular types of claims. The statute exempts explicitly two types of claims from prescription. It is the case of Article 223 § 1 CC, declaring lack of prescription for the damage claims supplementary to vindicatory claim. Similarly, according to Article 220 CC prescription does not embrace a claim for dissolution of co-ownership. In the other instances, the similar conclusion is derived in interpretation, mainly upon functional and systematic arguments. The case-law and the private law scholarship identify five examples of such claims. In all of these instances, the main reason behind disapplication of prescription rules is the close link of this claims with real property. Prescription of these claims and, hence, the possibility to transform them into natural obligations, seem from this perspective counter-functional and difficult to reconcile with the other principles and provisions of property law. It pertains, first of all, to the claims for establishing a way of necessity ease (Article 145 and 146 CC). Secondly, the same view is adopted for art. 151 CC, regarding another type of easement – available in the case of unintentional introducing a building or another facility behind the border of the somebody else’s ground. Thirdly, in the similar case of the intruding with a construction into another real property, the lack of prescription is adopted as regards the claim for transfer of title to the occupied part of the ground (Article 231 § 1 CC). Fourthly, the lack of prescription has been approved for the claim for establishing a transmission servitude (art. 3052 CC). Fifthly, the same solution has been proposed for the claim for transfer of title in performance of the contract with solely obligatory effects. This interpretation has been, however, rejected in the subsequent case-law and does not seem to be acclaimed currently.

Father as the primary guardian: based on a case study

2021 ◽  
Vol 603 (8) ◽  
pp. 33-47
Author(s):  
Magorzata Sitarczyk
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Parental Attitudes ◽  
General Concept ◽  
The Other ◽  
Direct Care ◽  
Court Decisions ◽  
Parental Alienation ◽  
Guardianship Law

The study deals with the general concept of paternity. It analyses the functioning of men as primary parents from the legal, philosophical, psychological, and social perspective. The paper presents the personal and educational competences of fathers who have been authorised by court decisions to act as the primary parent. Given the diversity of legal, psychological and social circumstances of fathers who seek to act as direct carers for their children, the competences to play the role of a primary parent are analysed based on a case study. Based on an analysis of case studies, it has been demonstrated that not every case of direct care results in alienation of the other parent and, consequently, disruption of the bond with the child. The study emphasizes that parental alienation does not stem from faulty decision-making or enforcement of the guardianship law, but rather from incorrect parental attitudes, lack of good will, emotional and social immaturity, and insufficient parenting competences.

Relationship Between Conflict and Deviant Workplace Behavior in Family Business

2022 ◽  
pp. 1125-1146
Author(s):  
Nurten Polat Dede
Keyword(s):  
Family Business ◽  
Role Ambiguity ◽  
Deviant Behavior ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
General Concept ◽  
The Other ◽  
Workplace Behavior ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Deviant Workplace Behavior ◽  
The Relationship

While family businesses are struggling with all the problems of any other business on one hand, they are also struggling to deal with problems arising from family dynamics on the other hand. The main challenge for the establishment and prevention of conflict, and organizational deviant behavior in these enterprises is the difficulty to separate family and business subsystems that are intertwined with each other without damaging them. This study focuses on organizational deviant behavior arising from probable negative relationship emotions after role ambiguity and conflict of family members in a family business. Furthermore, family effect (altruism) is also defined, which is another aspect affecting deviant behavior. Followed with the general concept of organizational deviations and conflicts and types of conflicts in family business, the last part covers deviation behavior reasons stemming from role conflict, role ambiguity, family altruism, and relationship conflict. The relationship between all these concepts are discussed with a conceptual literature review.

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