When good is not good enough

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 332-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendrik M Wendland

Proportionality review has long been a tool of the ECJ to scrutinize national measures that impede the realization of the Internal Market. More recently, the ECJ has required those measures to be ‘consistent and systematic’. This paper shows the historical development of the ECJ’s jurisprudence and contrasts it with the approach taken by US Courts reviewing similar issues. Under consideration of the comparative findings, different framings for arguments of underinclusiveness and coherence under a general concept of proportionality review are derived: the arguments can determine not only the efficacy or suitability of a measure, but also play a role when analyzing proportionality stricto sensu. On the other hand, it is argued that the sub-test of necessity is the wrong location for asserting those considerations. Most importantly, the ECJ – limited by its institutional design – uses the principle of coherence as a factor when interpreting the national law for its proper purpose.

Author(s):  
Xuhui Hu

This chapter summarizes the major points developed throughout the book. The theoretical points of the syntax of events proposed in Chapter 2 are listed. The conclusions on the syntax of English and Chinese resultatives, applicative constructions in various languages, and Chinese non-canonical object and motion event constructions are presented, together with the implications for the verb/satellite-framed typology. The explanation of diachronic change and cross-linguistic variation is summarized, including both the historical development of Chinese resultatives, the variation of resultatives between Chinese and English on the one hand, and English and Romance on the other hand. The Synchronic Grammaticalisation Hypothesis is also summarized.


2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-74
Author(s):  
Mahaarum Kusuma Pertiwi

This paper finding is the existence of recurring unsettled negotiation between the Islamists and the Nationalists during three important constitutional works in Indonesia (the making of 1945 Constitution; the work of Konstituante to draft a new constitution in 1955-1959; and the constitutional amendment 1999-2002). Such fragile political consensus creates a legal gap in the Indonesian legal system: constitutional guarantee on religious liberty on one hand, and discriminative derivative laws and court decisions in relate to religious liberty on the other hand. This paper argues the legal gap happens because historically, discourse over religious liberty never settled during constitutional debates. It leads to ambiguous constitutional articles on religious liberty such as the seemingly contradicting Article 28 I (1) on absolute rights and Article 28 J (2) on the limitation of rights. The ambiguous constitutional articles give no solid basis for protecting religious liberty, especially for minority, although explicitly Article 29 (2) of the Constitution stating, ‘The State guarantees freedom of every inhabitant to embrace his/ her respective religion and to worship according to his/ her religion and faith as such’. This paper will explain the unsettled negotiations during the making of Pancasila and the Jakarta Charter in 1945; the debate within Konstituante’s work in 1959; and the debate during constitutional amendment in 1999-2002.


2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-301
Author(s):  
Franz Baader ◽  
Clément Théron

Abstract We investigate the impact that general concept inclusions and role-value maps have on the complexity and decidability of reasoning in the description logic $$\mathcal{FL}_0$$ FL 0 . On the one hand, we give a more direct proof for ExpTime-hardness of subsumption w.r.t. general concept inclusions in $$\mathcal{FL}_0$$ FL 0 . On the other hand, we determine restrictions on role-value maps that ensure decidability of subsumption, but we also show undecidability for the cases where these restrictions are not satisfied.


Languages ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Dorien Nieuwenhuijsen

In this paper we will describe the historical development of the Spanish doublet ante-antes (‘before’) and explore the question whether a process of exaptation is involved (cf. Lass 1990). We will argue that the final –s of antes, that originally marked the adverbial status of the word, in the course of time had become a kind of morphological ‘junk’ (cf. Lass 1990) and, subsequently, could be exploited in order to encode the semantic opposition between temporal meaning on the one hand, and adversative meaning on the other hand. However, based on quantitative data we will show that the incipient semantic redistribution over the course of the 16th century rather suddenly collapsed, leading to a differentiation between the prepositional ante and adverbial antes.


2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-391
Author(s):  
Rico Hauswald

Abstract Many epistemic attitudes including belief and knowledge have already been examined to determine the extent to which they can be attributed to collectives. The epistemological literature on explanatory understanding and objectual understanding, on the other hand, has focused almost exclusively on individual subjects. However, there are many situations that can be described by sentences of the form “We understand P”, “We understand why p”, “Group G understands P”, or “G understands why p”. As I shall show, these situations can be classified into five categories: distributive, common, joint, deferential, and cooperative understanding. Based on a definitional scheme, according to which the general concept of understanding has a cognitive component, a factivity component, and an epistemic-pro-attitude component, this paper aims to analyse these five types.


Author(s):  
Т.К. САЛБИЕВ

В статье предлагается добавить к двум традиционно выделяемым этапам истори- ческого развития Нартиады еще один третий, предполагая, что наряду с родоплеменным и военно-демократическим в своей эволюции она проходит еще и через феодальный этап. С общефольклорной точки зрения они будут соответствовать трем следующим фазам: разрозненные сказания; циклы, образуемые вокруг главных героев; гиперциклизация / це- лостная эпопея. В результате получают иную интерпретацию не только сюжеты и мо- тивы эпопеи, представленные в ней персонажи, но и ее общее содержание, а также в ином свете предстает ее прагматика, то есть место и роль в традиционной культуре в целом. Основой для пересмотра общепринятой точки зрения является пока еще в полной мере не оцененное сообщение «Хронографа» (груз. «Жамтаагмцерели») – «Столетней летопи- си» XIV в. Содержащееся в памятнике отождествление аланской правящей династии с эпическим воинским родом Ахсартаггата позволяет рассматривать Нартиаду как своего рода «Книгу царей». Эпической фигурой, совместившей в своем образе мифологического и исторического царя, следует считать нарта Челахсартага. С одной стороны в его имени распознается связь с родоначальником воинского рода Ахсартага, представляющего мифо- логическую эпоху. С другой стороны, он носит титул исторического средневекового прави- теля Ас-Тархана. Благодаря имени его дочери (Бедуха), которое может рассматриваться как просторечный вариант имени Бурдухан, он может быть отождествлен с аланским царем XII в. Худданом. Сама эпопея в этом случае могла бы рассматриваться как средство легитимизации аланской правящей, то есть исторической, династии на власть. Участие царской династии в событиях эпопеи обеспечивало ей преемственную связь с мифологи- ческой эпохой, что и давало ей необходимое идеологическое обоснование господствующего положения в обществе. The article advances a proposition to add a third feudal stage to the two traditionally distinguished stages of the historical development of the Narts’ epic, suggesting that alongside with the tribal and military-democratic stages of its evolution it goes through the feudal one as well. From a point of view of general folklore, these will correspond to the following three phases: scattered legends – cycles formed around the main characters – hypercyclization / complete epics. As a result, not only the plots and motifs of the epic, the characters represented in it, but also its general content are reconsidered, its pragmatics, i. e., its place and role in traditional culture as a whole are seen in a different light. The basis for the review of the generally accepted theory is a passage from the so-called “Chronograph” (Georgian “Zhamtaagmcereli”), or the “Hundred Year Anniversary” of the XIV century. The identification of the Alanian ruling dynasty with the epic military lineage of Axsærtæggatæ the mentioned work contains makes it possible to consider the Nart epic as a kind of “Book of Kings”. From this point of view, Nart Čelæxsærtæg should be regarded as a hero, in whose image the traits of mythological and historical kin are interwoven. On the one hand, his name recognizes the link with the ancestor of the military family Axsærtæg, representing the mythological era. On the other hand, he holds the title of the historical medieval ruler As-Tarxan. Thanks to the name of his daughter (Bedukha), which can be considered as a vernacular version of the name Burdukhan, he can be identified as Khuddan, the Alanian king of the XIIth c. In this case, the epic itself could be considered as a means of legitimizing the Alan ruling, that is, historical dynasty of power, which thus provided its continuity with the mythological epoch, giving it the necessary ideological basis for the dominant position in the society.


2020 ◽  
pp. 87-101

The article attempts to analyze the correlative relationships of language and culture. Language can be considered as an instrument of culture, as one of its components and, on this basis, described through features common to all cultural phenomena. On the other hand, language and culture can be compared as an independent, autonomous semiotic system. The interaction of languages and cultures - this is an objective law of social and historical development of mankind. Any text in the conditions of real communication bears traces of the culture of the people speaking this language. The isolation from the real conditions of the discourse in the text more or less preserves the footprints. The need for linguistic and cultural studies has become a universally recognized fact, since in social reality language has the ability to influence the formation and development of a people's culture.


Imbizo ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-14
Author(s):  
Enongene Mirabeau Sone

Oral literature and museums are intimately related to each other. While the former is an academic discipline, the latter is an institution. This article examines the historical background of the study of oral literature and the historical development of the museum so that the relationship between the two can be easily appreciated. The article argues that oral literature, as a form of folklore, can help to create good museums and that the museum, on the other hand, can contribute to the study of oral literature. This interrelationship, once appreciated by both oral literature scholars (folklorists) and museologists (museum scholars), will be of tremendous benefit to the study of oral literature as an academic discipline and to the development of more thematic museums, especially in Africa where oral literature is a dynamic aspect of societal life.


1999 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Fromm

AbstractThe evaluation of tradeable permit systems concerning their conformity with the market economy is debated controversially. The Acid Rain- and the RECLAIM-Program for the first time offer the opportunity to analyse existing, implemented tradeable permit systems for their market conformity. For that purpose both programs are systematically compared to an instrument, that may be considered as an ideal of market conformity, the Coase theorem. The comparison shows that the evaluation of the market conformity of tradeable permit systems depends on the one hand on different pre-analytic views of environmental problems and on the other hand on the concrete institutional design of the instrument in praxis. Concluding, the Acid Rain- and the RECLAIM-Program are characterized by a high conformity with the criteria that constitute the proper shaping of the market system.


2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Estévez Cimadevila ◽  
Isaac López César

<p><em>The Galerie des Machines of 1889 is present in most books on the history of architecture. There are, however, certain aspects of this building that merit a more in-depth study. Other elements have been incorrectly described in current and contemporary publications about the building. The aim of this article is to examine the place this building occupies in the historical development of metal arch structures, its precedents and the influence it has exerted on later buildings of a similar structure. On the other hand, there have also been contradictions concerning the materials used in the erection of the structure and the reasons behind using them, as well as the exact span achieved. This article will unequivocally resolve these issues.</em></p>


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