scholarly journals Leisure Cycling Entrepreneurialism in Johannesburg, South Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10(5)) ◽  
pp. 1533-1548
Author(s):  
Tracey McKay ◽  
Manoli Coumbias ◽  
Nico Kotze
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Leisure Activity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Serious Leisure ◽  
Positive Contribution ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Key Players

It is estimated that by 2050 as many as five billion bicycles could be in use globally. Reasons for this growth vary, with utility cycling strong in Europe and Asia; while in the United States of America, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand cycling is a sport and leisure activity, with cycling deemed the ‘new golf’. Within this context, there is a rise in community or local bike shops (or LBS) which sell bicycles, related equipment and services. This qualitative study explored LBSs in greater Johannesburg, focusing on who the entrepreneurs are, how they service their clients, and what links the sector has to serious leisure. It was found that the owners demonstrated high levels of serious leisure cycling engagement and passion for the sport. A sense of being part of a bigger cycling community strongly influenced their entrepreneurial practices. This included how they ran their businesses, the employees they hired, as well as how they viewed cycling in general. The research also yielded insights into operational and sectoral realities, trends and challenges. Generally, it was found that the local bike shops in greater Johannesburg are key players in the supply, growth and development of sport and leisure cycling, thereby making a positive contribution to the cycling community. This is important in the light of the COVID-19 challenges experienced by the sport and leisure sector, as a loss of these shops will likely have a negative impact on cycling in Johannesburg.

scholarly journals Forceful arrests: an overview of section 49 of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 and its recent amendments

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 345
Author(s):  
Rinda Botha ◽  
Jo-Mari Visser
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Criminal Procedure ◽  
The United States ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Legal Position ◽  
Made In

The debate concerning the use of violence by the police force is an endless one. Section 49 of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 serves as a framework for the use of violence by police officers during arrests in South Africa. While some hold the opinion that the powers of the police in this respect should be restricted, others  see the 2003 redefined  section 49 as a legislative guarantee of a suspect’s right to flee. Against this background this article has as its focus a critical discussion of the historical development of section 49 as well as the recent amendments of the same. The current legal position in South Africa is also compared with that in the United States of America as well as in the United Kingdom. Finally, certain conclusions and recommendations are made in order to enhance more favourable regulation of the employment of force in effecting arrests.

scholarly journals Tax risk-management analysis: Comparison between the United States of America, the United Kingdom and South Africa

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Talya Segal ◽  
Warren Maroun
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Portfolio Management ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tax Legislation ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Policies And Procedures

Tax risk-management (TRM) is a little-studied area of corporate governance, despite the proliferation of ever more complex tax legislation that can have a material impact on the sustainability of organisations. In this light, the aim of this research is to explore policies and procedures relied on by tax authorities in the United States of America, the United Kingdom and South Africa to encourage a culture of compliance with tax laws. For this purpose, the research differentiates between specific and generic tax risks. These include transaction, operational, compliance, financial accounting, portfolio, management and reputation risk. The study highlights how each TRM-related policy or programme addresses these tax risks and compares the TRM systems in the three jurisdictions.

Modelling of water quality-based emission limits for industrial discharges in rivers

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 185-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. J. Ragas ◽  
R. S. E. W. Leuven
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Input Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mixing Zone ◽  
Pollutant Loads ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Emission Limits ◽  
Modelling Of Water Quality ◽  
Upstream Flow

Water authorities apply a diversity of models and input data to set water quality-based emission limits in discharge permits. To illustrate the consequences of model and data selection, two complete mixing models and four mixing zone models used in Germany, the United Kingdom (UK), the Netherlands and the United States of America (USA) were selected and applied to various discharges of cadmium. The maximum allowable annual cadmium load was calculated for each model and diverging input data for upstream flow, upstream concentration, effluent flow and effluent concentration. Due to model selection, differences in pollutant loads amounted to a factor 3. Harmonisation of the derivation of water quality-based emission limits is necessary to prevent widely divergent pollutant loads under comparable environmental conditions.

scholarly journals A Comparative Discussion of the Judicial Disqualification of Directors under the South African Companies Act

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Rehana Cassim
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
South African ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
The South ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Locus Standi

Abstract Section 162 of the South African Companies Act 71 of 2008 empowers courts to declare directors delinquent and hence to disqualify them from office. This article compares the judicial disqualification of directors under this section with the equivalent provisions in the United Kingdom, Australia and the United States of America, which have all influenced the South African act. The article compares the classes of persons who have locus standi to apply to court to disqualify a director from holding office, as well as the grounds for the judicial disqualification of a director, the duration of the disqualification, the application of a prescription period and the discretion conferred on courts to disqualify directors from office. It contends that, in empowering courts to disqualify directors from holding office, section 162 of the South African Companies Act goes too far in certain respects.

scholarly journals Do Environmental Stringency Policies and Human Development Reduce CO2 Emissions? Evidence from G7 and BRICS Economies

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 6727
Author(s):  
Funda Hatice Sezgin ◽  
Yilmaz Bayar ◽  
Laura Herta ◽  
Marius Dan Gavriletea
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cointegration Analysis ◽  
Causality Analysis ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Impact

This study explores the impact of environmental policies and human development on the CO2 emissions for the period of 1995–2015 in the Group of Seven and BRICS economies in the long run through panel cointegration and causality tests. The causality analysis revealed a bilateral causality between environmental stringency policies and CO2 emissions for Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America, and a unilateral causality from CO2 emissions to the environmental stringency policies for Canada, China, and France. On the other hand, the analysis showed a bilateral causality between human development and CO2 emissions for Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America, and unilateral causality from CO2 emissions to human development in Brazil, Canada, China, and France. Furthermore, the cointegration analysis indicated that both environmental stringency policies and human development had a decreasing impact on the CO2 emissions.

scholarly journals Systematic Review of Arts-Based Interventions to Address Suicide Prevention and Survivorship in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 53S-63S
Author(s):  
Jill Sonke ◽  
Kelley Sams ◽  
Jane Morgan-Daniel ◽  
Andres Pumariega ◽  
Faryal Mallick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Suicide Prevention ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Arts

Study Objective. Suicide is a serious health problem that is shaped by a variety of social and mental health factors. A growing body of research connects the arts to positive health outcomes; however, no previous systematic reviews have examined the use of the arts in suicide prevention and survivorship. This review examined how the arts have been used to address suicide prevention and survivorship in nonclinical settings in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America. Design and Setting. Ten bibliographic databases, five research repositories, and reference sections of articles were searched to identify published studies. Articles presenting outcomes of interventions conducted between 2014 and 2019 and written in English, were included. Primary Results. Nine studies met inclusion criteria, including qualitative, quantitative randomized controlled trials, quantitative nonrandomized, quantitative descriptive, and mixed-methods studies. The programs studied used film and television (n = 3), mixed-arts (n = 3), theatre (n = 2), and quilting (n = 1). All nine interventions used the arts to elicit emotional involvement, while seven also used the arts to encourage engagement with themes of health. Study outcomes included increased self-efficacy, awareness of mental health issues, and likelihood for taking action to prevent suicide, as well as decreases in suicidal risk and self-harming behaviors. Conclusions. Factors that influence suicide risk and survivorship may be effectively addressed through arts-based interventions. While the current evidence is promising with regard to the potential for arts programs to positively affect suicide prevention and survivorship, this evidence needs to be supplemented to inform recommendations for evidence-based arts interventions.

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