Basin-Scale Pollution Loads Analyzed Based on Coupled Empirical Models and Numerical Models

Pollutant source apportionment is of great significance for water environmental protection. However, it is still challenging to accurately quantify pollutant loads at basin-scale. Refined analytical methods combined the pollution discharge coefficient method (PDCM), field observation, and numerical model (Soil & Water Assessment Tool, SWAT) to make quantitative source appointment in the Tuojiang River, a key tributary of the upper Yangtze River. The chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and ammonia nitrogen (N-NH4+) were analyzed. Results showed that the urban sewage treatment plant point source has the largest contribution to COD, TN, and N-NH4+, while TP is mostly from the agricultural sources throughout the year. The total inflowing loads of pollution sources are significantly affected by rainfall. The overall pollution characteristics showed that pollutant loads present in different seasons are as follows: wet season > normal season > dry season. The month with the highest levels of pollutants is July in the wet season. Among the nine cities, the city that contributes the most COD, TN and N-NH4+, is Neijiang, accounting for about 25%, and the city that contributes the most TP is Deyang, accounting for 23%. Among the sub-basins, the Fuxi River subbasin and Qiuxihe River subbasin contribute the most pollutant loads. The technical framework adopted in this paper can be used to accurately identify the types, administrative regions and sub-basins of the main pollution sources in the watershed, which is conducive to management and governance of the environment.

Rapid Assessment Method for Evaluation of the Weighted Contribution of Anthropogenic Pollution: A Case Study of Lake Burullus, Egypt

This paper proposes a pragmatic approach for rapid assessment of the weighted contribution of the main waste streams contributing to pollution of surface water bodies. A case study was conducted on Lake Burullus in Egypt. The lake suffers from pollution due to many human-based activities around the lake, such as domestic, industrial, agriculture, fish farming, and solid wastes. The weighted contribution of these activities was assessed in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP). The results showed that the highest organic load is due to the domestic wastewater pollution component (63.2% of COD load), followed by fish aquaculture (35.4%). The highest TN (43.9%) and TP (58.3%) pollutant loads to Lake Burullus are due to the agricultural pollution component, followed by fish aquaculture with pollutant loads of 28.5% and 25.3%, respectively. The industrial wastewater pollution component has a very small effect on the pollution of Lake Burullus. The assessment of this study will help identify and magnify the key polluters and thus guide the decision-makers to prioritize investment planning for depollution intervention projects. For example, if the target is to reduce COD loads, investments must be directed toward the rehabilitation and expansion of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs).

Potential of local plant Eleocharis dulcis for wastewater treatment in constructed wetlands system: review

Plants have a vital role in constructed wetlands because they provide oxygen in removing pollutants, as a medium of microorganisms, as absorbers of nutrients and other pollutants, must be resistant to high levels of pollutant loads and stressful conditions. Several plants have potential for constructed wetland, namely Phragmites sp., Typha sp., Canna indica, Colocasia esculenta, Eichornia crassipes, Eleocharis dulcis, and others. Eleocharis dulcis is a local plant commonly found in South Kalimantan. Eleocharis dulcis in the local, namely Purun tikus, grows in tidal swamps and grows in areas of high soil acidity (pH 2.5 – 3.5). Eleocharis dulcis can be used in tackling reclamation waste of acid sulfate soil which can absorb 1.45% of N elements; Cu 15 ppm; P 0.08%; Zn 48 ppm; Mg 0.16%; Fe 1.386 ppm; S 0.18%; Mn 923 ppm; K 2.05%; and Ca 0.22%. According to several studies that have been carried out, Eleocharis dulcis have been shown to reduce several pollutant loads such as Hg 99.84%; Pb; Cd; Fe 85.68%; SO4; Mn 78.94%; BOD 98.74%; COD 98.73%; and turbidity 80% also. The local plant Eleocharis dulcis can be potentially used as wastewater treatment, especially in a constructed wetland systems.

Pengaruh Aktivitas Manusia terhadap Beban Pencemaran Sub DAS Sungai Rengas, Kalimantan Barat (The Influence of Human Activities on Pollution Load on The Rengas River Sub Water, West Kalimantan)

This study aims to knowing the potential pollutant loads entering and to know how water quality Rengas River according to water quality standard Class II Per-Men No. 82, 2001. Water quality analysis was carried out by testing and comparing parameters of temperature, pH, DO, BOD, TSS and phosphate at high tide and low tide conditions. The determination of the status of water quality using the Pollution Index method. The results of the pollution index show that the condition of the Rengas River is categorized as lightly polluted and concentration of TSS and BOD exceeded the class II quality standard at low tide During high tide conditions, the highest IP value is at point 1 of 1.29 in the upstream part of the river, while the lowest IP value is at point 4 of 0.71. During low tide, the largest IP value is at point 1 of 1.5 which is located upstream of the river, while the lowest IP value is at point 5 of 1.08 where there is tofu processing. Based on the identification and inventory of the sources of pollution affecting the water quality of Sungai Rengas from the agricultural sector, the domestic sector and small-scale industrial sector. The pollutant load that enters the Rengas River is TSS of 21 . 666.49 kg / day , BOD of 15053.68 kg / day , and phosphates of 85.56 kg / day . The largest BOD and TSS pollutant loads come from segment 3, which in this segment includes high density residential land uses and commercial land uses. Keywords: Rengas River, Pollutants Load, Water Quality Status Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi beban pencemar yang masuk dan kualitas air Sungai Rengas menurut baku mutu kualitas air Kelas II Per-Men No. 82 Tahun 2001. Analisis kualitas air dilakukan dengan menguji dan membandingkan parameter suhu, pH, DO, BOD, TSS dan fosfat pada kondisi pasang dan surut. Penentuan status mutu air menggunakan metode Indeks Pencemaran. Nilai indeks pencemaran menunjukkan bahwa kondisi Sungai Rengas masuk ke dalam kategori tercemar ringan dan konsentrasi TSS dan BOD melebihi baku mutu kelas II saat surut. Saat kondisi pasang nilai IP tertinggi ada pada titik 1 sebesar 1,29 di bagian hulu sungai, sedangkan nilai IP terendah ada pada titik 4 sebesar 0,71. Saat kondisi surut nilai IP terbesar ada pada titik 1 sebesar 1,5 yang terletak pada hulu sungai, sedangkan nilai IP terendah ada pada titik 5 sebesar 1,08 dimana terdapat pengolahan tahu. Berdasarkan identifikasi dan inventarisasi sumber pencemar yang mempengaruhi kualitas air Sungai Rengas berasal sektor pertanian, sektor domestik dan sektor industri skala kecil. Beban pencemar yang masuk ke Sungai Rengas yaitu TSS sebesar 21.666,49 kg/hari, BOD sebesar 15.053,68 kg/hari, dan Fosfat sebesar 85,56 kg/hari. Beban pencemar BOD dan TSS terbesar berasal dari segmen 3 (termasuk dalam guna lahan pemukiman dengan kepadatan tinggi dan guna lahan perdagangan). Kata Kunci: Beban Pencemar, Status Mutu Air, Sungai Rengas

Simulating the Spatial Distribution of Pollutant Loads from Pig Farming using an Agent-based Modeling Approach

This research developed an agent-based model (ABM) for simulating pollutant loads from pig farming. The behavior of farmer agents was captured using concepts from the Theory of Planned Behavior. The ABM has three basic components: the household or farmer agent, the land patches and global parameters that capture the environmental context. The model was evaluated using a sensitivity analysis, and then validated using data from a household survey, which showed that the predictive ability of the model was good. The ABM was then used in three scenarios: a baseline scenario, a positive scenario in which the number of pigs was assumed to remain stable but supporting policies for environmental management were increased, and a negative scenario, which assumed the number of pigs increases but management measures did not improve relative to the baseline. The positive scenario showed reductions in the discharged loads for many sub-basins of the study area while the negative scenario indicated that increased loads will be discharged to the environment. The scenario results suggest that to maintain the development of pig production while ensuring environmental protection for the district, financial and technical support must be provided to the pig producers. The experience and education level of the farmers were significant factors influencing behaviors related to the manure reuse and treatment, so awareness raising through environmental communication is needed in addition to technical measures.

Analysis of the Carrying Capacity and the Total Maximum Daily Loads of the Karang Mumus Sub-watershed in Samarinda City Using the WASP Method

Watershed is a multi-aspect ecological system, which functions as a source of water resources, in order to meet daily needs. It also motivates both economical and life matters, as well as serve as a sanitary channel for the surrounding community. Watershed also generates pollutants, which are known to potentially cause a decrease in river water quality. The degradation of river habitats that are caused by high pollutants penetration into the water body, decreases the capacity to carry out self-purification of toxic loads. The water pollutant load-carrying capacity is then calculated through various methods, one of which is the use of a computerized numerical modeling simulation called WASP (Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program). This method was developed by the ES-EPA, in order to process TMDLs (Total Maximum Daily Loads) data on river bodies, as well as examine each part of the water quality, based on spatial and temporal inputs. This study was conducted at the Karang Mumus Sub-watershed flowing through the centre of Samarinda City, with aims to determine the pollutants' carrying capacity, existing load, and toxic waste allocation, via the use of the BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) technique as a parameter of water quality. The calculation was carried out by segmenting the river into five parts, based on the number of districts it passes through, during pollutant loads inventory. The WASP modeling simulation showed that the total pollutant load-carrying capacity of the whole segments was 5,670 kg/day. It also showed the existing loads of about 3,605 kg/day, with the margin having the ability to receive pollutants at 2,065 kg/day. Moreover, the allocation of pollutant loads varies for each segment, with 2, 3, and 4 observed to reduce the pollutant by 390, 220, and 10 kg/day, respectively. However, segments 1 and 5 were still allowed to receive pollutant loads up to 1,740 and 945 kg/day, respectively.