A theory of transaction parallelism in blockchains

Decentralized blockchain platforms have enabled the secure exchange of crypto-assets without the intermediation of trusted authorities. To this purpose, these platforms rely on a peer-to-peer network of byzantine nodes, which collaboratively maintain an append-only ledger of transactions, called blockchain. Transactions represent the actions required by users, e.g. the transfer of some units of crypto-currency to another user, or the execution of a smart contract which distributes crypto-assets according to its internal logic. Part of the nodes of the peer-to-peer network compete to append transactions to the blockchain. To do so, they group the transactions sent by users into blocks, and update their view of the blockchain state by executing these transactions in the chosen order. Once a block of transactions is appended to the blockchain, the other nodes validate it, re-executing the transactions in the same order. The serial execution of transactions does not take advantage of the multi-core architecture of modern processors, so contributing to limit the throughput. In this paper we develop a theory of transaction parallelism for blockchains, which is based on static analysis of transactions and smart contracts. We illustrate how blockchain nodes can use our theory to parallelize the execution of transactions. Initial experiments on Ethereum show that our technique can improve the performance of nodes.

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Blockchain Beyond Cryptocurrency: Non-Fungible Tokens

10.36880/c13.02527 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Burcu Sakız ◽

Ayşen Hiç Gencer

Keyword(s):

Business Models ◽

Disruptive Innovation ◽

Peer To Peer ◽

Smart Contracts ◽

Blockchain Technology ◽

Wide Range ◽

Peer Network ◽

Work Mechanism ◽

Distributed Networking ◽

Peer To Peer Network

Blockchain technology is a disruptive innovation with the potential to replace existing business models that rely on centralized systems and third parties for trust. Even if there are a lot of application areas, blockchain used primarily for cryptocurrencies. Satoshi Nakamoto implemented the first blockchain application and invented the world’s first digital currency which is named as Bitcoin in 2008. Fundementally Bitcoin relies on cryptographic “proof of work” mechanism, digital signatures, and peer to peer distributed networking layer in order to provide a distributed ledger holding transactions. In 2014, a second generation of blockchains allow to program and execute them over distributed networks such as Ethereum project. The code to program any asset stored in blockchain’s peer-to-peer network is called as "smart contract" and smart contracts gives a powerful tool to developers for decentralized applications. There are various types of tokens that anyone can built on top of Ethereum and by combining smart contracts and new tokens, this paved the way of possibility to build a wide range of decentralized projects. One of the disruptive blockchain based innovation impacting intellectual property is called non-fungible-tokens or NFTs firstly introcuced in late 2017 on Ethereum network. This research contends that blockchain and non-fungible tokens (NFTs) which are cryptographically unique, scarce, non-replicable digital assets created through smart contracts and provably digital collectible assets. Our objective is to give NFT taxonomy, review NFT platforms and discuss technical challenges as well as recent advances in tackling the challenges. Moreover, this paper also aims to point out the future directions for NFT technology.

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Smart Contracts

Regulating Blockchain ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198842187.003.0018 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 311-326 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Roger Brownsword

Keyword(s):

New Technologies ◽

Peer To Peer ◽

The Other ◽

Smart Contracts ◽

Rule Based ◽

Smart Contract ◽

Regulatory Purpose ◽

Business To Consumer ◽

Covering Law ◽

Business To Business

The main purpose of this chapter is to sketch two principal ways in which lawyers are likely to engage with new transactional technologies (such as smart contract applications of blockchain technologies), each form of engagement being characterized by its own questions and conversations. Whereas one form of engagement, ‘coherentism’, focuses on the fit between particular new technologies and the covering law of contract, the other, ‘regulatory-instrumentalism’, focuses on whether the law (relative to particular new technologies) is fit for regulatory purpose. The sketch is refined by drawing further distinctions between ‘transactionalist’ and ‘relationalist’ variants of ‘coherentism’ and ‘rule-based’ and ‘technocratic’ variants of regulatory-instrumentalism. With a view to decoding legal debates about emerging transactional technologies, this sketch is then applied to questions concerning smart contracts in, respectively, business-to-consumer, business-to-business, and peer-to-peer transactions.

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Discovering the Bitcoin Double Spend using Lost Agreement Amount

International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering - 2 ◽

10.35940/ijrte.c5351.098319 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 3764-3770

Keyword(s):

Research Work ◽

Peer To Peer ◽

Third Parties ◽

Network Nodes ◽

Digital World ◽

Peer Network ◽

Crypto Currency ◽

Clear Identification ◽

Digital Competency ◽

Peer To Peer Network

In the modernized world like digital world, traditional way of payments through banks and other third parties are out of sphere. To meet the digital competency digital token like bitcoin based crypto currency payment is required. Lots of business persons are moving towards the digital way of secure payment. Intruders like hackers hamper the digital token and make immortality in the transaction which in turn create the double spend. Double spend is a serious threat in the Bitcoin network. Our research work focuses on double spend detection of transaction before it gets confirmed and added to the block by the miners. The proposed new architecture for detecting double spend using Dual Payout based on Lost Agreement Amount (DPL2A) will identify one of the ways that double spend attack occur before it is added to the blockchain. This architecture gives the clear identification of double spend attack and their full details of transaction occurrence so that when it is broadcasted into the peer-to-peer network, the network nodes will use this architecture to detect double spend, its occurrence is fully prevented and only the genuine transaction will be added to the blockchain.

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A Decentralized E-Voting System Based on Blockchain Network

International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering - Special Issue ◽

10.35940/ijitee.l3815.1081219 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 3650-3652

Keyword(s):

Peer To Peer ◽

Third Party ◽

Electronic Voting ◽

Smart Contracts ◽

Blockchain Technology ◽

Peer Network ◽

Voting System ◽

Electronic Voting System ◽

Peer To Peer Network

This paper describes a decentralized electronic voting system using blockchain technology with peer-to-peer network rather than the centralized voting system of server-client structure. In the proposed system, an Ethereum-based private blockchain network is configured and decentralized applications are implemented to store and distribute voting data to all nodes participating in the network to create secure and reliable electronic voting system. Smart contracts for electronic voting are implemented using the Solidity language and distributed to a configured network so that all users can view and vote on elections, and voting data are shared and contrasted by all users in the network, which makes it possible to build a safer and more reliable electronic voting system without third party involvement.

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Bitcoin: A Meticulous Analysis

Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience ◽

10.1166/jctn.2019.7810 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 786-792

Author(s):

Sasi Kala K. Rani ◽

D. Ramya ◽

D. Gokul ◽

C. Sibiya ◽

S. Sreya

Keyword(s):

The Other ◽

Central Authority ◽

Security Issues ◽

Digital Currency ◽

Peer Network ◽

Crypto Currency ◽

Block Chain ◽

Illegal Activities ◽

Peer To Peer Network

Bitcoin is the worldwide crypto currency and it is the digital payment system known as the decentralized digital currency. All the transactions are recorded in a public ledger known as block chain. It has no central authority or no single administrator. This paper studies about the technical view of the bitcoin system, the problems faced in the peer-to-peer network, schemes used for improving the quality of transactions, and also the security issues faced by the user while proceeding with these transactions. It includes the major advantages of bitcoin transactions and its worldwide usage. The other side of bitcoin includes the usage of it in ransom ware attack and in other illegal activities. Finally this paper also comprises why bitcoin is not widely accepted in India.

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Soviet Wall Newspapers

The Oxford Handbook of Communist Visual Cultures ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190885533.013.5 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 109-135

Author(s):

Birgitte Beck Pristed

Keyword(s):

Social Organization ◽

Communication System ◽

Information Access ◽

Peer To Peer ◽

The Social ◽

Peer Network ◽

Peer To Peer Network ◽

Do So ◽

Printed Press

The article examines Soviet wall newspapers (stengazety) as a nonelectronic, low-tech medium to discuss the social, material, and visual implications not of its ideological content, but of this genuine socialist medium as such. As a peer-to-peer network for social organization, it assembled readers/writers, educated their political vision, and forced them to act and react, but not always as the mass-printed press and editorial manuals imagined it. At its worst, the wall newspaper incarnated totalitarian socialism and contributed to a totalitarian communication system, not by forbidding citizens to express themselves but by forcing them to do so, not by denying citizens information access but by insisting that citizens should become informal informants themselves. At its best, its encouragement of underprivileged collectives of participatory readers/writers to reuse, appropriate, and remix any material at hand to co-create the unfinished and unfinishable picture of communism represented socialism in its most open and nonauthoritative form.

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A Recapitalization on Crypto jacking and end to end Analysis of Ransomware Attacks

International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology - Regular Issue ◽

10.35940/ijeat.f1291.0986s319 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (6S3) ◽

pp. 1582-1586

Keyword(s):

Digital Media ◽

Recent Trend ◽

Peer To Peer ◽

The Other ◽

Host Computer ◽

Peer Network ◽

Different Types ◽

Block Chain ◽

End To End ◽

Peer To Peer Network

The recent trend of today’s digital media is the usage of poisoned website to mine crypto currencies, these currencies are alternatives to traditional currencies which work based on decentralization, bit coin was the first currency to be establish in this way, crypto currencies are protected with block chain which can be simplified as growing chain. This block chain is managed by peer to peer network, based upon this blockchain network crypto jacking takes place, and hence cryptojacking is mining of one's digital currencies without their knowledge, hackers find cryptojacking more profitable because they are a lotcheaper and safe than compared to other digital thefts. Tracking and finding the cause of theft becomes very hard in this method because mining kits can be purchased at a very cheap cost. There are primarily two methods to be followed to get to the computer and to perform cryptojacking, one is to run a infected code on the host computer and the other is to make the user click the content with threat but widely both will be used for increased profit outcome. In this paper an overview of crypto currencies, method of decentralization, various mining techniques followed and different types of cybercrimes prevalent are discussed.

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