Frequently Asked Questions

This chapter comprises answers to a number of questions that are often asked about the Grondona system by people wishing to understand how it differs from other policy proposals. The questions covered include whether it is a commodity standard, whether it uses buffer-stocks, how it is possible for a single country to have a significant influence, how it can be better than an international system, whether the system could use a crypto-currency, why such government intervention in markets could be beneficial, and other questions. Although some of the content unavoidably repeats what is explained in other chapters, it is hoped that it will be helpful to readers to be able to focus on specific issues in this way.

A STUDY OF LITERATURE: CRYPTOCURRENCY OF SYARIAH PERSPECTIVE

Cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual currency, which does not have a physical form like fiat money. This crypto currency can only be used through devices such as PCs, laptops, smartphones and other devices that are connected to the internet. There are several advantages in a crypto system that uses blockchain system, such as transaction security, convenience, speed and can be used across countries and continents, however cryptocurrency which is currently circulating also still have weaknesses, including there is no supervisory authority, even many countries have disagreements over the legality of this cryptocurrency. The debate about the pros and cons regarding to the use of cryptocurrency becomes dynamics among the experts including the scholars who have study from Islamic point of view. This research aims to examine the dynamics of using cryptocurrency from ushul fiqh point of view, where the methods which used in this research are al-qur'an, al-Hadith, Qiyas and Sad-Adzariyah. Basically the use of cryptocurrency is allowed to meet cetain conditions that is by removing batil elements as in Quran surah An-Nisa verse 29, those batil elements are gharar and mayshir. Moreover, cryptocurrency must also have clear legality in a country for security in their use.

Issue of crypto currency as a means of achieving scientific and technological progress

The distribution of federal budget funds for 2021-2023 years shows a tendency to reduce the cost of maintaining high-tech innovative research. The problem of attracting funds to innovative activities is becoming one of the main areas of activity. The subject of the study is the system of financing, including through investment mechanisms, research and development activities in the conduct of high-tech research, design developments. The purpose of the study is to develop a methodology for financing research and development activities through the institution of ICO projects. The following methods are used: empirical methods of comparison, description, interpretation; theoretical methods of formal and dialectical logic; private-scientific methods: legal-dogmatic and method of interpretation of legal norms. The analysis of the existing system of financing high-tech research and design development is carried out, and the main problems of the existing system of implementing state space programs are highlighted. The features of the issue of crypto currency through ICO projects for the implementation of scientific research are disclosed. This study proposes a model for the development of economic relations between the private sector involved in the implementation of domestic scientific research and the customer, represented by the Government of the Russian Federation. The presented model of interaction of participants of the domestic market of space technologies is aimed at creating favorable conditions for the development of domestic cosmonautics, conducting research and development activities. The proposed model of issuing crypto currency through ICO projects for the implementation of scientific research will increase the funding of domestic research and development activities. The stabilization of investment processes that contribute to long-term planning of investment returns will allow large financial flows of private investors to be poured into scientific and technical research. As a result, a planned increase in investment activity is expected, which allows launching innovative projects on a federal scale without attracting budget funds.

Moving Beyond the Crypto-Currency Success of Blockchain: A Systematic Survey

Blockchain (BC) is a technology whose value today is estimated by the success of Bitcoin. However, the spectrum of Blockchain applications goes beyond the financial sector. It has displayed enormous potential for revamping the customary industry with its key merits like decentralization, persistency, anonymity, and auditability. In this paper we conduct a comprehensive survey on the blockchain technology, explaining its structure and functioning. This work has analyzed the potential of BC in seven crucial sectors vis. voting systems, supply chain management, the security of Internet of Things (IoT), healthcare, intelligent transportation systems, government services, and tourism. Moreover, this paper has critically evaluated the traditional technologies used in various sectors, the problems in them, and the benefits that will be provided by the employment of BC. With its future directions, this paper will help researchers to create and realize new value for various sectors that is beyond anything we can imagine with existing technologies.

A theory of transaction parallelism in blockchains

Decentralized blockchain platforms have enabled the secure exchange of crypto-assets without the intermediation of trusted authorities. To this purpose, these platforms rely on a peer-to-peer network of byzantine nodes, which collaboratively maintain an append-only ledger of transactions, called blockchain. Transactions represent the actions required by users, e.g. the transfer of some units of crypto-currency to another user, or the execution of a smart contract which distributes crypto-assets according to its internal logic. Part of the nodes of the peer-to-peer network compete to append transactions to the blockchain. To do so, they group the transactions sent by users into blocks, and update their view of the blockchain state by executing these transactions in the chosen order. Once a block of transactions is appended to the blockchain, the other nodes validate it, re-executing the transactions in the same order. The serial execution of transactions does not take advantage of the multi-core architecture of modern processors, so contributing to limit the throughput. In this paper we develop a theory of transaction parallelism for blockchains, which is based on static analysis of transactions and smart contracts. We illustrate how blockchain nodes can use our theory to parallelize the execution of transactions. Initial experiments on Ethereum show that our technique can improve the performance of nodes.

FOREIGN EXPERIENCE OF TAX AND LEGAL REGULATION OF CRYPTO CURRENCY

The paper presents various options for tax and legal regulation of virtual currencies circulation in foreign countries. The core issues of tax transactions, based on current challenges of digital economy, depending on the general approach of the legislator to the possibility and / or necessity of legal regulation of operations with bitcoins and other virtual currencies are studied.

IOT Security with Blockchain

Internet of Things (IoT) plays a very vital role in almost every field of technology. Its key elements of security are very much crucial elements which are to be maintained as it is used universally. Traditional security and privacy methods be likely to be inapplicable for IoT, mainly due to its distributed network topology and the supply-constraints of most of its devices. For creating these concepts, a new technology called blockchain can be used. Blockchain that reinforce the crypto- currency Bitcoin have been just now used to provide security and privacy in peer-to-peer networks with similar topologies to IoT. In this paper, we present basic part of IoT enabled with blockchain, their distinctive features of both the technologies, their futuristic solutions for different real-world issues, different communicational standards etc. Both the technologies have several distinctive characteristics in every field, but certain limits too exist which gives futuristic path for research.