Mechanism and Conformation Changes for the Whole Regeneration Process of Cellulose in Pyridinium-Based Ionic Liquids

In this work, mechanism and conformation changes of cellulose regenerated from ionic liquid by anti-solvents (water, ethanol and acetone) were investigated by molecular simulations. Cellulose model consists of seven glucose single chains were constructed. In order to depict the regeneration mechanism, both the dissolution and regeneration processes of cellulose in [Bpy][OAc] IL were simulated. The methyl hydroxyl group of cellulose will change its conformation during dissolution and regeneration. The conformation of initial cellulose crystal is mainly the tg conformation. After dissolved in ILs, the cellulose conformation changes into the gt conformation and the gg conformation. After regenerated by anti-solvent, the proportion of the gg and gt conformation changes, and the gg conformation increased and the gt conformation decreased. Based on energy analysis, it is concluded that the energy for tg is the lowest, and the tg widely exists in cellulose I. After cellulose is dissolved in ILs, the conformation changes into two higher energy conformations, the gt and gg. In the subsequent regeneration process, with the completion of regeneration, the gg conformation increases and the gt conformation decreases.

DESIGN CHOICES: MECHANISM DESIGN AND PLATFORM CAPITALISM

Mechanism design is a form of optimization developed in economic theory. It casts economists as institutional engineers, choosing a outcome and then arranging a set of market rules and conditions to achieve it. The toolkit from mechanism design is widely used in economics, policymaking, and now in building and managing online environments. Mechanism design has become one of the most pervasive yet inconspicuous influences on the digital mediation of social life. Its optimizing schemes structure online advertising markets and other multi-sided platform businesses. Whatever normative rationales mechanism design might draw on in its economic origins, as its influence has grown and its applications have become more computational, we suggest those justifications for using mechanism design to orchestrate and optimize human interaction are losing traction. In this article, we ask what ideological work mechanism design is doing in economics, computer science, and its applications to the governance of digital platforms. Observing mechanism design in action in algorithmic environments, we argue it has become a tool for producing information domination, distributing social costs in ways that benefit designers, and controlling and coordinating participants in multi-sided platforms.

Blockchain Beyond Cryptocurrency: Non-Fungible Tokens

Blockchain technology is a disruptive innovation with the potential to replace existing business models that rely on centralized systems and third parties for trust. Even if there are a lot of application areas, blockchain used primarily for cryptocurrencies. Satoshi Nakamoto implemented the first blockchain application and invented the world’s first digital currency which is named as Bitcoin in 2008. Fundementally Bitcoin relies on cryptographic “proof of work” mechanism, digital signatures, and peer to peer distributed networking layer in order to provide a distributed ledger holding transactions. In 2014, a second generation of blockchains allow to program and execute them over distributed networks such as Ethereum project. The code to program any asset stored in blockchain’s peer-to-peer network is called as "smart contract" and smart contracts gives a powerful tool to developers for decentralized applications. There are various types of tokens that anyone can built on top of Ethereum and by combining smart contracts and new tokens, this paved the way of possibility to build a wide range of decentralized projects. One of the disruptive blockchain based innovation impacting intellectual property is called non-fungible-tokens or NFTs firstly introcuced in late 2017 on Ethereum network. This research contends that blockchain and non-fungible tokens (NFTs) which are cryptographically unique, scarce, non-replicable digital assets created through smart contracts and provably digital collectible assets. Our objective is to give NFT taxonomy, review NFT platforms and discuss technical challenges as well as recent advances in tackling the challenges. Moreover, this paper also aims to point out the future directions for NFT technology.

Design choices: Mechanism design and platform capitalism

Mechanism design is a form of optimization developed in economic theory. It casts economists as institutional engineers, choosing an outcome and then arranging a set of market rules and conditions to achieve it. The toolkit from mechanism design is widely used in economics, policymaking, and now in building and managing online environments. Mechanism design has become one of the most pervasive yet inconspicuous influences on the digital mediation of social life. Its optimizing schemes structure online advertising markets and other multi-sided platform businesses. Whatever normative rationales mechanism design might draw on in its economic origins, as its influence has grown and its applications have become more computational, we suggest those justifications for using mechanism design to orchestrate and optimize human interaction are losing traction. In this article, we ask what ideological work mechanism design is doing in economics, computer science, and its applications to the governance of digital platforms. Observing mechanism design in action in algorithmic environments, we argue it has become a tool for producing information domination, distributing social costs in ways that benefit designers, and controlling and coordinating participants in multi-sided platforms.

Effectiveness of Antiviral Drugs as Covid-19 Therapy

Introduction: SARS-CoV 2 firstly emerged in China on December 2019 and it was spreading rapidly across the world until now. At this time, there is no vaccine or medication approved by the FDA. However, there are some FDA approved medicines for treating other diseases that can be used for Covid-19 based on tests. This review focuses on therapy efficacy, work mechanism, pharmacokinetic profile, safety, and future perspective. Method: Article review related to therapy on Covid-19 patients, particularly antiviral therapy which was the combination of lopinavir and ritonavir, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, and favipiravir. The reviewed relevant articles were observational study, in vitro test, case report, and clinical test. Results: A total of 13 articles met the requirement, 9 articles discussed the result of therapy during the medication of COVID-19 patients, 2 reports of in vitro test, and 2 results of clinical trials. Conclusion: From several studies that had been conducted, remdesivir, combination of lopinavir and ritonavir, as well as favipiravir showed benefits in various clinical studies on Covid-19 patients. Meanwhile, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine showed limited effects and did not affect the decrease of mortality.

Research of high-performance harvesting and transport equipment

The question of applying the most progressive technologies of cleaning work of efficient systems of machines is of paramount importance. In solving tasks to ensure the sustainable development of agricultural production, reliable supply of the population of the country, food in food is an important place to strengthen the material and technical base of the agro-industrial complex, its targeted technical re-equipment. In this regard, the goal of the work is to study the rational method of increasing the performance of the screw screw conveyor, allowing you to create a small-sized structure, is an increase in its revolutions. The article provides research in the method of increasing the performance of the screw screw conveyor, allowing you to create a small-sized design by increasing its revolutions. The technology of the work of conveyors-grab trucks was described, the work mechanism was investigated and the disadvantages of work were described, namely, in defective providing the possibility of grain transfer over long distances along the spatial track or complicates the technological scheme. Such an organization of harvesting on the scale of the country involves the creation and implementation of several systems of high-performance cleaning and transport equipment primarily in the main grain areas.

On the United Front Work Mechanism of Hong Kong and Macau in the Integrated Development of Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macau Bay Area

The construction of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area presents a new era issue for the United Front Work of Hong Kong and Macao. On the basis of combing the related literature, the article analyzes the united front dilemma faced by the integration and development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, and proposes a possible path for the innovation of the Australian united front work mechanism. The author holds that from the perspective of the united front, the main difficulties facing the integration and development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area are economic "symbiosis", cultural "combination" and social "linkage".The united front work in Hong Kong and Macau should keep pace with the times and innovate working mechanisms in the integrated development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area.

Improvement Mechanism of Work Oriented by Ergonomic Increase Health Quality and Productivity

The aim of this research is to reduce musculoskeletal disorders, work stress, and increase productivity of workers piranti upakara makers by work mechanism improvement using ergonomic work oriented. Through a quasi-experimental using treatment by subject design and randomized pre and post-test group design assessed: (a) improvement mechanism of work oriented by ergonomic reducing musculoskeletal disorders, was recorded by Nordic Body Map Questionnaire; (b) improvement mechanism of work oriented by ergonomic reducing work stress, was recorded by Work Stress Questionnaire; (c) improvement mechanism of work oriented by ergonomic increase the productivity of workers, assessed by output (product produced) divided by input (pulse) multiplied by time. Data collection was done at 10 (ten) days before and after working, in Period I and Period II on 14 samples. Data obtained were analyzed using paired t-test at a significance level of 5%. The result showed that improvement mechanism of work oriented by ergonomic, reducing musculoskeletal disorders of workers to 44.45%, reducing the work stress of workers to 29.90%, and increasing productivity of workers to 53.93%. It can be concluded that improvement mechanism of work oriented by ergonomic reducing musculoskeletal disorders, work stress, and improving productivity of workers piranti upakara makers.

MENGAGAS PENGUATAN KEJAKSAAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA DALAM PENGAMANAN DAN PENGAWALAN PEMBANGUNAN UNTUK MENCEGAH TINDAK PIDANA KORUPSI

ABSTRAKTujuan Penelitian ini adalah menganalisis kedudukan hukum Direktorat (D) Kejaksaan Agung dalam melakukan pengamanan dan pengawalan pembangunan untuk mencegah tindak pidana korupsi; menganalisis mekanisme kerja Direktorat (D) Kejaksaan Agung dalam melakukan pengamanan dan pengawalan pembangunan untuk mencegah tindak pidana korupsi; merumuskan konsep ideal bentuk pengamanan dan pengawalan pembangunan strategis oleh kejaksaan dalam mencegah tindak pidana korupsi melalui peran Direktorat (D) Kejaksaan Agung Republik indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian hukum normative, dengan mengunakan beberapa pendekatan, yaitu: pertama, pendekatan perbandingan (comparative approach); kedua, pendekatan perundang-undangan (statute approach); ketiga, pendekatan konseptual (conceptual approach). Hasil Penelitian ini menujukkan, pertama, bahwa Kedudukan hukum Direktorat D Kejaksaan Republik Indonesia sudah jelas berdasarkan Peraturan Jaksa Agung RI Nomor : PER-006/A/JA/07/2017 Tentang Organisasi dan Tata Kerja Kejaksaan Republik Indonesia. Bidang tersebut dibentuk sebagai amanat instruksi presiden tentang aksi pencegahan tindak pidana korupsi dan sebagai spirit kejaksaan sebagai penegak hukum dalam memberantas korupsi; Kedua, bahwa Mekanisme kerja Direktorat D Kejaksaan Republik Indonesia sudah jelas dimuat dan diatur dalam Peraturan Jaksa Agung RI Nomor : PER-006/A/JA/07/2017 Tentang Organisasi dan Tata Kerja Kejaksaan Republik Indonesia, dimana titik sentralnya adalah untuk melakukan pengawalan dan pengamanan pembangunan yang bersifat strategis; Ketiga, bahwa Penerapan aplikasi “JAGA DESA” di lingkup Direktorat D sebagai upaya untuk memaksimalkan kinerja Direktorat D dalam mengawal pengelolaan anggaran pembangunan strategis di seluruh daerah Republik Indonesia.Kata Kunci: Kejaksaan; Tindak Pidana Korupsi; Pengamanan Dan Pengawalan Pembangunan.ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study is to analyze the legal position of the Directorate (D) of the Attorney General's Office in safeguarding and overseeing development to prevent corruption; analyze the work mechanism of the Directorate (D) of the Attorney General's Office in securing development safeguards and guarding corruption; formulating an ideal concept of the form of securing and escorting strategic development by the prosecutor's office in preventing acts of corruption through the role of the Directorate (D) of the Indonesian Attorney General's Office This study uses normative legal research, using several approaches, namely: first, the comparative approach; second, the statutory approach; third, conceptual approach (conceptual approach). The results of this study show, firstly, that the legal position of the Directorate D of the Attorney General of the Republic of Indonesia is clear based on the Attorney General's Regulation Number: PER-006 / A /JA / 07/2017 Regarding the Organization and Work Procedures of the Attorney General's Office of the Republic of Indonesia The field was formed as a mandate of the president's instructions on acts of preventing acts of corruption and as a spirit of the prosecutor's office as law enforcers in combating corruption; Second, that the work mechanism of the Directorate D of the Attorney General's Office of the Republic of Indonesia is clearly contained and regulated in the Regulation of the Attorney General of the Republic of Indonesia Number: PER-006 / A / JA / 07/2017 Regarding the Organization and Work Procedures of the Republic of Indonesia Attorney's Office, where the central point is to conduct escort and securing strategic development; Third, that the application of the application "JAGA DESA" in the scope of Directorate D as an effort to maximize the performance of Directorate D in overseeing the management of strategic development budgets in all regions of the Republic of Indonesia.Keywords: Prosecutor's Office; Corruption Crime; Safeguarding And Supervision Of Development.

Efektivitas Program Desa Migran Produktif (DESMIGRATIF) Pada Dinas Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi Kabupaten Subang

Tujuan penulis melakukan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui Efektivitas Program Desa Migran Produktif pada Dinas Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi Kabupaten Subang. Penelitian dan penulisan ini membahas hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan bagaimana Efektivitas Program Desa Migran Produtif pada Dinas Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi Kabupaten Subang sesuai dengan teori yang dikemukakan oleh Answar Annas yang meliputi Ketepatan waktu, Sumber daya manusia, Mekanisme Kerja, Kerjasama dan Komunikasi, Penyaluran dana yang benar, Tidak ada penyimpangan, Monitoring dan evaluasi. Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif yang bersifat deskriptif, karena penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan pengertian, konsep-konsep yang pada akhirnya memperoleh gambaran yang kemudian diteliti digunakan untuk mengungkapkan permasalahan dalam kehidupan kerja organisasi pemerintah melalui observasi, wawacara, studi kepustakaan dan dokumentasi. Sumber data yang diperoleh dari informan melalui pengamatan dan wawancara langsung dan dokumen diperoleh dalam bentuk foto atau rekaman, perataturan-peraturan dan pengolahan data. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa Efektivitas Program Desa Migran Produktif pada Dinas Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi Kabupaten Subang sesuai dengan teori pengukuran efektivitas program yang dikemukakan oleh Answar Annas belum optimal. Kesimpulan temuan dilapangan yaitu Ketepatan waktu, Sumber daya manusia, Mekanisme kerja, Kerjasama dan Komunikasi, Penyaluran dana yang benar, Tidak ada penyimpangan, Monitoring dan evaluasi dinilai belum sesuai dengan teori yang digunakan. The purpose of the authors conducted this study was to determine the Effectiveness of the Productive Migrant Village Program at the Subang District Manpower and Transmigration Office. This research and writing discusses matters relating to how the Effectiveness of Produtive Village Migrant Program in the Subang Regency Manpower and Transmigration Office in accordance with the theory put forward by Answar Annas which includes Timeliness, Human Resources, Work Mechanisms, Collaboration and Communication, Distribution correct funds, There are no deviations, Monitoring and evaluation. In this study using a qualitative approach that is descriptive, because this study aims to develop understanding, the concepts that ultimately obtain a picture which is then examined are used to reveal problems in the work life of government organizations through observation, interviews, literature studies and documentation. Sources of data obtained from informants through direct observation and interviews and documents obtained in the form of photos or records, regulations and data processing. The results showed that the Effectiveness of the Productive Migrant Village Program at the Subang Regency Manpower and Transmigration Office in accordance with the theory of program effectiveness measurement proposed by Answar Annas was not optimal. Conclusions from the field findings are timeliness, human resources, work mechanism, cooperation and communication, correct distribution of funds, no deviations, monitoring and evaluation are considered not in accordance with the theory used.