scholarly journals Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization and Frequency of Cutting on the Yield and Composition of Napier Grass in Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 215-227
Author(s):  
José Vicente-Chandler ◽  
Servando Silva ◽  
Jacinto Figarella
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Napier Grass ◽  
Exchangeable Bases ◽  
Harvest Intervals ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Nitrogen Rates

The effects of nitrogen rates ranging from 0 to 2,000 pounds of N per acre yearly and of 40-, 60-, and 90-day harvest intervals on the yield and composition of Napier grass and on soil acidity, were determined for three consecutive years. Yields increased with nitrogen fertilization to at least the 800-pound level during all seasons. Crude-protein contents and protein yields increased with nitrogen fertilization up to the 2,000-pound level. More than 60 percent of the fertilizer nitrogen was recovered in the forage at all rates up to 1,200 pounds per acre yearly, but efficiency of utilization in terms of dry matter produced per pound of nitrogen decreased beyond the 400- pound level. The phosphorus and potassium contents of the forage decreased, but the lignin content increased with increasing nitrogen rates. The calcium and magnesium contents were not markedly affected by nitrogen fertilization. Dry-matter and protein yields and lignin content of the forage increased, while the protein, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and potassium contents decreased with length of harvest interval. With a 60-day harvest interval and 800 pounds of nitrogen per acre yearly, which seemed to be the optimum combination, Napier grass yielded 44,561 pounds of dry matter, or about 130 tons of green forage, per acre yearly, containing 9.7 percent of protein. With this treatment, Napier grass removed 674 pounds of nitrogen, 554 of potassium, and 120 each of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus per acre yearly from the soil. Over-all yields did not decrease during the 3 years of experimentation but seasonal yields varied by as much as 70 percent of the average. The treatments affected residual yields obtained more than 6 months after the experiment was terminated. The application of 800 pounds of N as ammonium sulfate per acre annually over a 3-year period caused a drop of 3 pH units and a loss of 10.4 m.e. of exchangeable bases per 100 gm. of soil in the upper 6 inches of soil.

scholarly journals Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization and Frequency of Cutting on the Yield and Composition of Guinea Grass in Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 228-239
Author(s):  
José Vicente-Chandler ◽  
Servando Silva ◽  
Jacinto Figarella
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Magnesium Content ◽  
Harvest Intervals ◽  
Guinea Grass ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Nitrogen Rates ◽  
Forage Yields

The effects of nitrogen rates ranging from 0 to 1,600 pounds of N per acre yearly and of 40-, 60-, and 90-day harvest intervals on the yield and composition of Guinea grass and on soil acidity were determined for 2 consecutive years. Yields increased with nitrogen fertilization up to the 800-pound level, while protein content and protein yields increased up to the 1,600-pound level. About half of the fertilizer nitrogen was recovered in the forage when 800 pounds or less were applied per acre yearly. Efficiency of utilization, in terms of dry matter produced per pound of nitrogen, decreased with increasing rates. The phosphorus content of the forage decreased while the lignin content increased with nitrogen rates. Fertilization with nitrogen had no apparent effect on the calcium, potassium, or magnesium content of the forage. Yields and lignin content of the forage increased while the protein. phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and potassium contents decreased with length of harvest interval. A 60-day harvest interval and 400 to 800 pounds of nitrogen per acre yearly, depending on rainfall, seemed to be the optimum combination. With the higher nitrogen rate, Guinea grass yielded 32,733 pounds of dry matter (about 73 tons of green forage) per acre yearly with 9.6 percent of protein. With this treatment Guinea grass removed about 70 pounds of phosphorus, 286 pounds of calcium, 169 pounds of magnesium, 500 pounds of nitrogen, and 330 pounds of potassium per acre yearly. About the same yields were produced during each of the two years although rainfall varied greatly. Seasonal yields varied widely. The application of 800 pounds of nitrogen as ammonium sulfate per acre annually over a 2-year period caused a drop of 2.1 pH units and a loss of 5.5 m.e. of exchangeable bases per 100 gm. in the upper 6 inches of soil.

scholarly journals Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization and Frequency of Cutting on the Yield and Composition of Para Grass in Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 240-248
Author(s):  
José Vicente-Chandler ◽  
Servando Silva ◽  
Jacinto Figarella
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Harvest Intervals ◽  
Percent Protein ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Nitrogen Rates ◽  
Forage Yields

The effects of rates ranging from 0 to 1,600 pounds of nitrogen per acre yearly and of 40-, 60-, and 90-day harvest intervals on the yield and composition of Para grass were determined over a 1 year period. Yields increased with nitrogen fertilization up to the 800-pound level, while protein content and protein yields increased up to the 1,600-pound level. About half of the fertilizer nitrogen was recovered in the forage when 800 pounds or less were applied per acre. Efficiency of utilization in terms of dry matter produced per pound of nitrogen, decreased rapidly with increasing rates. The phosphorus content of the forage decreased while the lignin content increased with nitrogen rates. Nitrogen fertilization had no pronounced effect on the calcium, potassium, or magnesium contents of the forage. Yields and lignin content of the forage increased while protein, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and potassium contents decreased with length of harvest interval. There are marked seasonal variations in yield due primarily to rainfall. With a 60-day harvest interval and 800 pounds of nitrogen per acre yearly, Para grass yielded 30,841 pounds of dry forage, or about 70 tons of green forage, with a 9.5-percent protein content. With this treatment Para grass removed 52.4 pounds of P, 120 of Ca, 524 of K, 77 of Mg, and 469 pounds of N per acre yearly. It is not advisable to use rates of more than 400 pounds of nitrogen per acre per year during dry weather.

scholarly journals Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization and Frequency of Cutting on the Yield and Composition of Pangola Grass in Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-45
Author(s):  
José Vicente-Chandler ◽  
Jacinto Figarella ◽  
Servando Silva
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Optimum Combination ◽  
Fertilizer Nitrogen ◽  
Harvest Intervals ◽  
Nitrogen Rates

The effects of nitrogen rates ranging from 0 to 1,600 pounds of N per acre yearly and of 30-, 45-, and 60-day harvest intervals on the yield and composition of Pangola grass were determined for 2 consecutive years. Yields increased sharply with nitrogen fertilization up to the 400-pound level, while protein content increased up to the 1,600-pound level. About two-thirds of the fertilizer nitrogen was recovered in the forage when 400 pounds or less were applied per acre yearly. Efficiency of utilization, in terms of dry matter produced per pound of nitrogen, decreased with increasing rates. Yields and lignin content of the forage increased while the protein content decreased with length of harvest interval. A 45-day harvest interval during seasons of flush growth, and a 60-day interval during the season of slow growth, combined with 400 pounds of nitrogen per acre yearly seems to be the optimum combination. Yields varied widely with season of the year.

scholarly journals Effect of Nitrogen Rates, Harvest Interval and Cutting Heights on Yield and Composition of Star Grass in Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-279
Author(s):  
Rubén Caro-Costas ◽  
Fernando Abruña ◽  
Jacinto Figarella
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Harvest Intervals ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Percent Nitrogen ◽  
Cutting Height ◽  
Nitrogen Rates

The effect of nitrogen rates, length of harvest intervals, and cutting heights on the yield and composition of a Puerto Rico cultivar of Star grass were determined during 2 consecutive years. Dry matter yields increased with nitrogen rates at the two cutting heights tested. However, the response at the various harvest intervals tested (30, 45, 60 and 90 days) was dependent on cutting height. Low cut Star grass responded sharply up to 400 to 600 pounds of nitrogen depending on harvest interval. High cut Star grass responded sharply to 400 to 600 pounds of nitrogen depending on harvest interval. The crude protein yield and content increased up to the highest nitrogen rate tested at all harvest intervals and cutting heights. The percent nitrogen recovered in the forage was of the same magnitude as that obtained with other grasses. However, the nitrogen rates did not have a pronounced effect on the percent nitrogen recovered in the forage. The proportion of leaves to stems was not affected by nitrogen rates. Leaves were higher in protein content than the stems at all nitrogen rates and harvest intervals. Dry matter yields increased but protein content decreased as length of harvest interval increased from 30 to 90 days. Length of harvest interval did not affect the percent nitrogen recovered in the forage, but had a marked effect on chemical composition of the forage. The content of N, P and K decreased at both cutting heights and at all nitrogen rates as the length of the harvest interval increased from 30 to 90 days. The apparent digestibility of the forage decreased and lignin content increased as length of harvest interval increased. Star grass produced higher yields when cut low than high. The difference was more evident as the length of the harvest interval increased from 30 to 90 days.

scholarly journals Effect of Two Cutting Heights, Four Harvest Intervals and Five Nitrogen Rates on Yield and Composition of Congo Grass under Humid Tropical Conditions

1969 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-291
Author(s):  
José Vicente-Chandler ◽  
Servando Silva ◽  
Fernando Abruña ◽  
José A. Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Magnesium Content ◽  
Potassium Content ◽  
Tropical Conditions ◽  
Harvest Intervals ◽  
Percent Protein ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Nitrogen Rates

The effect of cutting to heights of 2 and 6 inches from the ground, of harvesting every 30, 45, 60, and 90 days, and of applying 0, 200, 400, 600, and 800 pounds of nitrogen per acre yearly on yields and composition of Congo grass, were determined under humid tropical conditions over a 2-year period. Congo grass produced higher yields when cut to a height of 2 inches than when cut to 6 inches, at all harvest intervals and nitrogen rates. The following discussion is therefore limited to results obtained with low cutting. Yields of Congo grass increased, but crude; protein content of the forage decreased with increasing length of harvest interval. Harvest interval did not markedly affect protein yields. Phosphorus and potassium content of the forage decreased with increasing length of harvest interval but the calcium and magnesium content were not affected. Lignin content of the forage increased with increasing length of harvest interval. Yields of Congo grass increased with nitrogen application up to 600 pounds per acre yearly at all harvest intervals and during seasons of both fast and slow growth. Protein content of the forage and protein yields increased with nitrogen rates up to 800 pounds per acre yearly. Recovery of fertilizer nitrogen in the forage averaged about 60 percent at the 600-pound nitrogen rate. Dry matter and phosphorus content of the forage decreased with increased nitrogen fertilization. Nitrogen fertilization did not affect the calcium, magnesium, or potassium content of the forage. Much lower yields were produced during the shorter days and cooler, drier winter months. With close cutting every 45 to 60 days and 600 pounds of nitrogen applied per acre yearly, Congo grass produced about 30,000 pounds of dry forage (65 tons of green forage) containing 9.5 percent protein, or enough cut forage to feed over five 600-pound steers per acre. With high cutting every 30 days, which may approximate yields under grazing management, Congo grass fertilized with 400 pounds of nitrogen per acre yearly produced about 16,000 pounds of dry forage per acre yearly containing 9.7 percent of protein.

Studies of the chemical composition of kales and rapes. I. The kales

1959 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 230-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. C. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
The Other ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Plant Basis ◽  
Matter Basis

1. Four varieties of marrow stem kale, three of thousand headed kales, Hungry Gap Kale and Rape-Kale were grown at three centres in mid-Wales. They were sampled in the early winter period and separate leaf and stem samples analysed for the proximate constituents and minerals.2. Leaf to stem ratios were measured on both a green and dry matter basis and the latter values used to calculate whole plant values for the chemical constituents.3. The leaves of the marrow stem kales were higher in dry matter than the stems, except in the case of the Purple Stem Kale. This variety resembled the thousand headed and rape-type kales in having a higher dry matter in the stems. On a dry matter basis, the leaves of all the varieties were richer than the stems in ether extract, crude protein, total ash and all the minerals except potassium and sodium. These elements occurred to a greater extent in the stems of the fleshy stemmed marrow stem kales than in the leaves. The stems were higher in crude fibre and nitrogen-free extractives.4. The leaves of the rape-type kales were higher than those of the other varieties in silica, phosphorus and potassium. They were the best source of phosphorus on a whole plant basis. The marrow stem kales had considerably higher leaf and stem values for sodium and were markedly superior to the other varieties as a source of the element.

scholarly journals Nutritional composition of 'Ponta Negra' forage sorghum silage enriched with dried Leucaena leucocephala forage

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (5Supl1) ◽  
pp. 2397
Author(s):  
Clésio dos Santos Costa ◽  
Rosane Cláudia Rodrigues ◽  
Ricardo Alves de Araújo ◽  
Francisco Naysson de Sousa Santos ◽  
Giovanne Oliveira Costa Sousa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Inclusion Level ◽  
Sorghum Silage

he aim of this study was to evaluate fermentation and chemical characteristics and the in situ degradability of sorghum silages enriched with dried Leucaena. The experiment was conducted as completely randomized design with four treatments (0 - control silage, silage without leucaena; 10.0, 20.0, or 30.0% inclusion of Leucaena) and five replicates, totaling 20 experimental units. The inclusion levels of leucaena influenced (P 0.05), with all silages having values above 90%. Gas loss decreased (P < 0.05) as the level of leucine increased in sorghum silage. A linear increase was observed for dry matter (P ? 0.0001) and crude protein (P = 0.0008) contents in response to Leucaena inclusion. There was a linear (P < 0.05) linear effect on neutral detergent fiber, hemicellulose and acid detergent fiber. As leucaena inclusion levels increased, for each 1% inclusion a reduction of 0.179 was observed; 0.059 and 0.119% for the values of neutral detergent fiber, hemicellulose and acid detergent fiber respectively. The inclusion of leucaena influenced (P < 0.05) the increase of silage lignin levels, probably due to the higher lignin content of the legume. The soluble fraction (a) of the silages increased along with the Leucaena inclusion levels, with highest values observed at the inclusion of 20 and 30% of the legume, respectively. Potential degradation (A) increased linearly with the levels of Leucaena added to the silage; the highest value for this variable was observed at 30% inclusion. Effective degradability (ED) increased up to the inclusion level of 20% (46.77%). Degradation rate (c) decreased markedly with the use of 30% Leucaena. The use of the forage part of Leucaena dried for three hours leads to reduced gas production, increased dry matter and crude protein contents, and decreased fiber contents. The degradability of dry matter increases up to the inclusion level of 20%.

Effects of Harvest Intervals on the Yield and Composition of 10 Forage Grasses

1969 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 448-455
Author(s):  
A. Sotomayor-Ríos ◽  
F. J. Juliá ◽  
J. A. Arroyo-Aguilú
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Forage Grasses ◽  
Mineral Absorption ◽  
Digitaria Decumbens ◽  
Harvest Intervals ◽  
Digitaria Eriantha ◽  
Digestible Protein ◽  
Cynodon Nlemfuensis

The effect of three harvest intervals (30, 45 and 60 days) on the yield, crude protein (CP), digestible protein (DP), and mineral (calcium, Ca; phosphorus, P; potassium, K; and magnesium, Mg) composition of 10 forage grasses was determined during a 1-year period at the Isabela Substation. The species studied included three Brachiarias, five Digitarias and two Cynodons. As the 30-day harvest interval, the dry matter yield (DMY) ranged from 25,859 to 19,041 pounds per acre per year. The highest DMY was obtained by Transvala digitgrass (Digitaria decumbens, PRPI. 6439) Stargrass (Cynodon nlemfuensis PRPI. 2341) had the highest CP and DP contents. The highest DMY at the 45-day interval was obtained by Transvala digitgrass, being significantly different (P < .05) from other grasses. The DMY ranged from 29,532 to 20,962 pounds per acre per year. Digitaria eriantha had the highest CP and DP contents. Stargrass had the highest DMY and CP at the 60-day harvest interval. The DMY ranged from 37,504 to 30,269 pounds per acre per year. Mean Ca and Mg contents in the grasses increased at the 45-day interval, with no Ca increase but a Mg decrease at 60 days. Mean P and K contents decreased as the harvest intervals increased. The yielding ability of the grasses was encouraging, especially in the Transvala digitgrass and Stargrass species. The CP and DP contents tended to vary as plants matured, suggesting that studies of mineral absorption and/or utilization of forage grasses by niminants should be undertaken.

Nitrogen Fertilization and Cutting Frequency, Yield and Chemical Composition of Five Tropical Grasses

1969 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-69
Author(s):  
J. Velez-Santiago ◽  
J. A. Arroyo-Aguilu
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Forage Grasses ◽  
Digitaria Decumbens ◽  
Tropical Forage ◽  
Cutting Frequency ◽  
Harvest Intervals ◽  
Agricultural Experiment ◽  
Cynodon Nlemfuensis

Five tropical forage grasses: Star (Cynodon nlemfuensis), Transvala digit (Digitaria decumbens), Pangola (Digitaria decumbens) and two Limpos (Hemarthria altissima, Bigalta and Greenalta), were cultivated without irrigation for 1.5 years at the Corozal Agricultural Experiment Substation to study the effects of 3 N fertilization levels and 3 harvest intervals (30, 45, and 60 days) on the green forage (GF), dry forage (DF), and crude protein (CP) yields and on the dry matter (DM), CP, P, and K contents. The soil is a Corozal clay (Uitisol). N levels, as (NH4)2SO4, applied after each harvest, included low, 224; medium, 448; and high, 896 kg/ha/yr. P and K were applied at rates of 112 and 336 kg/ha/yr, respectively. DM content and DF and CP yields increased significantly with longer harvest intervals. The medium N level resulted in the highest CP yields, except in the case of Star grass, in which high N fertilization gave greater CP yield. Bigalta, Star, and Transvala digit cultivars exhibited the highest GF, DF, and CP yields. DF yields (means across the 3 harvest intervals and the 3 N levels) for Bigalta, Greenalta, Transvala, Star, and Pangola grasses were 35,421; 29,209; 31 ,699; 32,383; and 24,461 kg/ha/yr, respectively.

EFFET DE L’APPLICATION D’AZOTE ET DU STADE DE CROISSANCE A LA RECOLTE SUR LA PERFORMANCE DE LA FLEOLE DES PRES (PHLEUM PRATENSE)

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 955-962 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. ST-PIERRE ◽  
G. PELLETIER
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

An experiment was set up to determine the effect of time and rate of nitrogen fertilization and stage of growth at first cut on yield and digestibility of dry matter and protein content of two timothy (Phleum pratense L.) cultivars, at each of two cuts, No difference in yield or chemical composition was found between cultivars. Highest yields and crude protein contents were measured at rates of nitrogen fertilizer of 112 and 224 kg/ha. Higher yield and protein content were obtained with NH4NO3 applied totally or in split applications in the spring than with urea in the fall. Dry matter digestibility (DDM) was not affected by nitrogen at rates of 56, 112 and 224 kg/ha. First cut was taken at two different stages of growth, and the second cut was taken on the same day in all the plots. At anthesis, yields were higher than at the head stage but DDM and protein content were lower. The opposite was found at the second cut. Except in 1973, total dry matter yield was not affected by the stage of growth at first cut.

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