Sexual Compatibility, Morphology, Physiology, Pathogenicity and in vitro Sensitivity to Fungicides of Thielaviopsis paradoxa Infecting Sugarcane and Pineapple in Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-128
Author(s):  
Lii-Jang Liu ◽  
A. Rodríguez Marcano
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Relative Toxicity ◽  
In Vitro Sensitivity ◽  
Sexual Compatibility ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Ceratocystis Paradoxa ◽  
Cultural Media

A previously unreported race of Thielaviopsis paradoxa was isolated from pineapple fruits with symptoms of black rot disease. Macro- and microconidia resemble in appearance those of T. paradoxa, the causal agent of the pineapple disease of sugarcane. Perithecia were produced in PDA (24°-28° C.) when the pineapple isolate was crossed with the light strain of T. paradoxa from sugarcane. Perithecia are characteristic of Ceratocystis paradoxa (horn-like appendages on the base of the perithecia and long, pointed ostiolar hyphae) and are morphologically indistinguishable from those obtained by crossing two sexually compatible strains from sugarcane. However, the rate of growth of the pineapple isolate, under various temperatures, pHs, and cultural media, was consistently different from those characterizing other strains of the fungus. The pineapple strain attacks sugarcane seedpieces more virulently than isolates obtained from sugarcane. In vitro tests were conducted in the laboratory to determine the relative toxicity of the fungicides benzoic acid, Dowicide A, Benlate, Tecto 60 (TBZ), and Dithane M-45 on pineapple and sugarcane isolates of the fungus. Benzoic acid and Dowicide A appeared to be the most effective of these fungicides for inhibiting mycelial growth of T. paradoxa.

scholarly journals Fungi pathogenic to the corm of arracacha (Arracada xanthorrhiza) in Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 84 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 53-64
Author(s):  
Evelyn Rosa-Márquez ◽  
Lydia I. Rivera ◽  
Carlos E. Ortiz ◽  
Arcángel Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Thiophanate Methyl ◽  
Pathogenicity Tests

Phytophthora palmivora, Rhizoctonia sp. and two isolates of Fusarium spp. were identified and associated with the arracacha (Arracada xanthorrhiza) corm rot in pathogenicity tests conducted in vitro and in vivo. In vitro tests revealed that these fungi were pathogenic to the corm. Fungi caused lesions to the corm under greenhouse conditions. Three major symptoms were observed: necrotized roots; necrotized roots with a dry, brown, hard injury to the internal corm tissue; and wet lesions with brown shades. The highest incidence of affected corms occurred with P. palmivora in combination with Rhizoctonia sp., and the lowest was observed in corms inoculated with Rhizoctonia sp. alone. The most severe symptoms were caused by P. palmivora alone and in combination with Rhizoctonia sp. In vitro tests were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of metalaxyl, etridiazofe thiophanate-methyl, and fosetyl-al against the isolated fungi at doses of 5 to 200 mg ai/kg. Among the fungicides tested, etridiazole thiophanate-methyl was effective against all fungi associated with corm rot. Micelial growth of P. palmivora was completely inhibited with metataxyl at all doses and by etridiazole thiophanate-methyl with doses of 20 or more mg ai/kg.

scholarly journals Rice Blast in Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-300
Author(s):  
Lii-Jang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Rice Blast ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Pyricularia Oryzae ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Pathogenicity Tests

Rice blast, which had not been observed during the last six decades in Puerto Rico, reappeared recently in Manatí and in the Gurabo Substation, affecting Brazos, a cultivar introduced from Texas. Pathogenicity tests, as well as studies on the conidial morphology, showed that the fungus isolated from typical blast lesions is Pyricularia oryzae Cav. The physiology of the fungus and its sporulation on various media also were studied. The optimum temperature range, both for mycelial growth and for germination of conidia, was found to be between 24 to 28° C. Sporulation occurred satisfactorily on potato-dextrose agar enriched with coconut milk, and on steamed corn and barley, and rice-straw-decoction agars. In vitro tests with fungicides benomyl, pentachloronitrobenzene, mancozeb, chloroneb, and captan indicated that the first two compounds are the most effective in inhibiting mycelial growth of P. oryzae.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF A GFP‐BASED BIOSENSOR FOR DETECTING THE BIOAVAILABILITY AND BIODEGRADATION OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBS)

2007 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 261-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuemei Liu ◽  
Kieran J. Germaine ◽  
David Ryan ◽  
David N. Dowling
Keyword(s):  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyl ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Chlorobenzoic Acid ◽  
Fluorescent Intensity ◽  
Chemical Inducers ◽  
Benzoic Acid Derivatives ◽  
In Situ Biodegradation

Two whole-cell biosensors were constructed to detect the in situ biodegradation of polychlorinated biphenyl by chromosomal insertion of a mini‐Tn5‐Kmr‐Pm::gfp[mut3]‐T0‐T1 construct into P. fluorescens. In vitro tests showed that the expression of the Pm promoter depended on the growth phase of the biosensors and the concentration of chemical inducers; chlorinated benzoic acid derivatives. A linear relationship between the fluorescent intensity and the log10 concentration of the inducer was observed. One biosensor (F113L::1180gfp) had the ability to degrade PCBs to relevant chlorobenzoic acid derivatives and to induce expression of Gfp. The second biosensor (F113gfp), which cannot degrade PCBs, shows fluorescence after induction by chloro‐benzoic acid derivatives. By using these two biosensors, PCB degradation could be detected in vitro and in soil.

scholarly journals Pathogenicity of Moniliophthora roreri isolates from selected morphology groups in harvested cacao pods and in vitro sensitivity to compost tea.

Bionatura ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1569-1574
Author(s):  
Maria Isabel Jimenez Feijoo ◽  
Juan Manuel Cevallos-Cevallos
Keyword(s):  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Compost Tea ◽  
In Vitro Sensitivity ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Moniliophthora Roreri ◽  
Frosty Pod Rot

Moniliopthora roreri is the frosty pod rot disease (FPD) and one of the most devastating cacao pathogens worldwide. However, M. roreri pathogenicity on harvested cacao pods and sensitivity to compost tea have not been fully described. Monosporic cultures of M. roreri from different morphology groups were obtained. The isolates’ pathogenicity was tested by inoculation onto harvested cacao pods, and symptoms were evaluated at 3-day intervals during 16 days before estimating the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). The sensitivity of M. roreri to compost tea was evaluated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 1 to 5 % compost tea. All morphology groups could infect harvested cacao pods during the 16 days with a disease severity index abode 75 %. Compost tea completely inhibited the growth of M. roreri when used at 4.5 % or higher. Results suggest a shortened biotrophic phase during the infection in harvested pods and a medium to high sensitivity of M. roreri to compost tea.

Preharvest Applications of Fungicides for Control of Sphaeropsis Rot in Stored Apples

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Y. K. Kim ◽  
C. L. Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Growth Assay ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Sphaeropsis Rot

Sphaeropsis rot caused by Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens is a recently reported postharvest fruit rot disease of apple in Washington State and causes significant economic losses. Infection of apple fruit by the fungus occurs in the orchard, but decay symptoms develop during storage or in the market. The objective of this study was to evaluate preharvest fungicide applications to control Sphaeropsis rot. Thirty isolates of the fungus collected from various sources were tested for sensitivity to the registered fungicides Pristine, Topsin M, and Ziram using an in vitro mycelial growth assay. In the orchard, ‘Golden Delicious' apple fruit were inoculated with the conidial suspension of the fungus at 2 or 5 weeks before harvest, sprayed with fungicides within 2 weeks before harvest, and harvested and stored at 0°C for disease evaluation. All three fungicides effectively inhibited mycelial growth of the fungus in the in vitro tests. On apple fruit in four seasons, Pristine applied 1 week and Ziram applied 2 weeks before harvest significantly reduced incidence of Sphaeropsis rot compared to the nontreated control by 43 to 80% and 42 to 83%, respectively. In 4 years of testing, the performance of Topsin M was less consistent than that of Pristine and Ziram. Accepted for publication 18 July 2013. Published 19 September 2013.

scholarly journals In Vitro Formation of Sexual Stage of Thielaviopsis paradoxa from Sugarcane in Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-100
Author(s):  
Lii-Jang Liu ◽  
Julia Mignucci
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Sexual Stage ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar Medium ◽  
First Report ◽  
Ceratocystis Paradoxa

Two strains of Thielaviopsis paradoxa, one light and one dark, were isolated from diseased cuttings of sugarcane in Puerto Rico. Perithecia were produced when the dark strain was crossed with the light strain in potato dextrose agar medium at 24° to 28° C. The perithecia obtained are characteristic of Ceratocystis paradoxa (horn-like appendages on the base of the perithecia and long, pointed ostiolar hyphae). Ascospore isolations consistently resulted in the recovery of typical T. paradoxa culture. No perithecia were produced when cultures of the same isolates were crossed. This constitutes the first report on formation of the sexual stage of T. paradoxa from sugarcane in vitro.

Diplodia Stem Canker and Die-back of Casuarina equisetifolia in Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-261
Author(s):  
Lii-Jang Liu ◽  
Luis F. Martorell
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Stem Canker ◽  
Casuarina Equisetifolia ◽  
Causal Organism ◽  
Puncture Technique

Diplodia natalensis was isolated from the diseased cankers of Casuarina equisetifolia in Puerto Rico. A stem-puncture technique was employed to inoculate Casuarina seedlings. Sunken areas or cankers appeared on the bark 3 months after inoculation. The causal organism was reisolated. Among the fungicidal chemicals tested (Dithane M-45, Thiodan, Captan, Benlate and benzoic acid), Benlate seemed to be the most promising for inhibiting mycelial growth of D. natalensis in vitro.

Anti-Diabetic Activity of a Mineraloid Isolate, in vitro and in Genetically Diabetic Mice

2011 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Deneau ◽  
Taufeeq Ahmed ◽  
Roger Blotsky ◽  
Krzysztof Bojanowski
Keyword(s):  
Dna Microarrays ◽  
Human Fibroblasts ◽  
Diabetic Animal ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Diabetic Mice ◽  
Fossil Material ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Enhanced Expression ◽  
Genetically Diabetic Mice

Type II diabetes is a metabolic disease mediated through multiple molecular pathways. Here, we report anti-diabetic effect of a standardized isolate from a fossil material - a mineraloid leonardite - in in vitro tests and in genetically diabetic mice. The mineraloid isolate stimulated mitochondrial metabolism in human fibroblasts and this stimulation correlated with enhanced expression of genes coding for mitochondrial proteins such as ATP synthases and ribosomal protein precursors, as measured by DNA microarrays. In the diabetic animal model, consumption of the Totala isolate resulted in decreased weight gain, blood glucose, and glycated hemoglobin. To our best knowledge, this is the first description ever of a fossil material having anti-diabetic activity in pre-clinical models.

Comparison of High Purity Factor IX Concentrates and a Prothrombin Complex Concentrate in a Canine Model of Thrombogenicity

1991 ◽  
Vol 66 (05) ◽  
pp. 609-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
I R MacGregor ◽  
J M Ferguson ◽  
L F McLaughlin ◽  
T Burnouf ◽  
C V Prowse
Keyword(s):  
High Purity ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Prothrombin Complex Concentrate ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Canine Model ◽  
Factor Ix ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Albumin Infusion

SummaryA non-stasis canine model of thrombogenicity has been used to evaluate batches of high purity factor IX concentrates from 4 manufacturers and a conventional prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC). Platelets, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinogen, fibrin(ogen) degradation products and fibrinopeptide A (FPA) were monitored before and after infusion of concentrate. Changes in FPA were found to be the most sensitive and reproducible indicator of thrombogenicity after infusion of batches of the PCC at doses of between 60 and 180 IU/kg, with a dose related delayed increase in FPA occurring. Total FPA generated after 100-120 IU/kg of 3 batches of PCC over the 3 h time course was 9-12 times that generated after albumin infusion. In contrast the amounts of FPA generated after 200 IU/kg of the 4 high purity factor IX products were in all cases similar to albumin infusion. It was noted that some batches of high purity concentrates had short NAPTTs indicating that current in vitro tests for potential thrombogenicity may be misleading in predicting the effects of these concentrates in vivo.

A Comparison of the in Vitro and in Vivo Thrombogenic Activity of Factor IX Concentrates Using Stasis (Wessler) and Non-Stasis Rabbit Models

1980 ◽  
Vol 44 (02) ◽  
pp. 081-086 ◽  
Author(s):  
C V Prowse ◽  
A E Williams
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Thrombus Formation ◽  
Factor Ix ◽  
Coagulation System ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Low Activity

SummaryThe thrombogenic effects of selected factor IX concentrates were evaluated in two rabbit models; the Wessler stasis model and a novel non-stasis model. Concentrates active in either the NAPTT or TGt50 in vitro tests of potential thrombogenicity, or both, caused thrombus formation in the Wessler technique and activation of the coagulation system in the non-stasis model. A concentrate with low activity in both in vitro tests did not have thrombogenic effects in vivo, at the chosen dose. Results in the non-stasis model suggested that the thrombogenic effects of factor IX concentrates may occur by at least two mechanisms. A concentrate prepared from platelet-rich plasma and a pyrogenic concentrate were also tested and found to have no thrombogenic effect in vivo.These studies justify the use of the NAPTT and TGt50 in vitro tests for the screening of factor IX concentrates prior to clinical use.

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