Visualization of immature brain lesions: MR patterns of long-term outcomes. Case reports

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-99
Author(s):  
Anatoly V. Anikin ◽  
Milana A. Basargina ◽  
Eugeniya V. Uvakina
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Periventricular Leukomalacia ◽  
Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Brain Lesions ◽  
Gestation Period ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Immature Brain ◽  
The Brain

The periventricular and deep white matter of the immature brain of premature infants has an increased vulnerability to various, primarily ischemic injuries. The leading mechanism of selective vulnerability of the white matter of the large hemispheres in children with a low gestation period is the lack of formation of adjacent blood circulation zones between the main arteries of the developing brain. Magnetic resonance imaging has a high sensitivity to detect damage to the brain substance, both in the acute period and in the period of long-term outcomes. Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is one of the variants of brain damage in premature infants and the most common term in the conclusions of diagnostic doctors (ultrasound, CT, MRI). Considering the pathomorphological criteria, not always detected changes in the white matter of the large hemispheres are PVL. Diffuse (telencephalic) gliosis and diffuse leukomalacia are ordinary and typical variants of damage to the white matter of the large hemispheres in extremely premature infants, with a gestation period of up to 30-32 weeks. In the first variant, atrophic changes predominate with a pronounced decrease in the volume of white matter and a secondary expansion of the lateral ventricles. Diffuse leukomalacia is most often mistaken for PVL, but the localization of the white matter lesion of the large hemispheres is extensive and extends beyond the peri- and paraventricular region. Clinical examples show various variants of primary non-hemorrhagic brain lesions in prematurely born children in the long-term period. The analysis of the revealed changes is carried out, taking into account current data on developing the brain and pathomorphological criteria.

TGFβ1: Friend or Foe During Recovery in Encephalopathy

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 192-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian H. Kim ◽  
Steven W. Levison
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Neuronal Survival ◽  
Acute Stage ◽  
Tgfβ Signaling ◽  
Immature Brain ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Survival Mechanisms

The cytokine transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 is highly induced after encephalopathic brain injury, with data showing that it can both contribute to the pathophysiology and aid in disease resolution. In the immature brain, sustained TGFβ-signaling after injury may prolong inflammation to both exacerbate acute stage damage and perturb the normal course of development. Yet in adult encephalopathy, elevated TGFβ1 may promote a reparative state. In this review, we highlight the context-dependent actions of TGFβ-signaling in the brain during resolution of encephalopathy and focus on neuronal survival mechanisms that are affected by TGFβ1. We discuss the mechanisms that contribute to the disparate actions of TGFβ1 toward elucidating the long-term neurological and neuropsychiatric consequences that follow encephalopathic injury.

scholarly journals Glial restricted precursor delivery of dendrimer N-acetylcysteine promotes migration and differentiation following transplant in mouse white matter injury model

Nanoscale ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (30) ◽  
pp. 16063-16068
Author(s):  
Christina L. Nemeth ◽  
Sophia N. Tomlinson ◽  
Rishi Sharma ◽  
Anjali Sharma ◽  
Sujatha Kannan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
White Matter Injury ◽  
Invasive Procedures ◽  
Injury Model ◽  
Regenerative Therapies ◽  
The Brain

Dendrimer-NAC improves the long-term engraftment of transplanted cells to the brain, suggesting targeted nanotherapeutic support may eliminate the need for overt immunosuppression or multiple invasive procedures in regenerative therapies.

scholarly journals PET-detectable tau pathology correlates with long-term neuropsychiatric outcomes in patients with traumatic brain injury

Brain ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 142 (10) ◽  
pp. 3265-3279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke Takahata ◽  
Yasuyuki Kimura ◽  
Naruhiko Sahara ◽  
Shunsuke Koga ◽  
Hitoshi Shimada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Tau Pathology ◽  
Long Term Outcomes

Is tau load associated with long-term outcomes of TBI? By using PET to assess tau deposits in patients with chronic TBI, Takahata et al. reveal elevated tau load compared to age-matched controls, and show that the abundance of tau in white matter is associated with late-onset neuropsychiatric symptoms.

scholarly journals Hockey Concussion Education Project, Part 2. Microstructural white matter alterations in acutely concussed ice hockey players: a longitudinal free-water MRI study

2014 ◽  
Vol 120 (4) ◽  
pp. 873-881 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ofer Pasternak ◽  
Inga K. Koerte ◽  
Sylvain Bouix ◽  
Eli Fredman ◽  
Takeshi Sasaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Extracellular Space ◽  
Axonal Injury ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Ice Hockey ◽  
Microstructural Alterations ◽  
Hockey Players ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Brain

Object Concussion is a common injury in ice hockey and a health problem for the general population. Traumatic axonal injury has been associated with concussions (also referred to as mild traumatic brain injuries), yet the pathological course that leads from injury to recovery or to long-term sequelae is still not known. This study investigated the longitudinal course of concussion by comparing diffusion MRI (dMRI) scans of the brains of ice hockey players before and after a concussion. Methods The 2011–2012 Hockey Concussion Education Project followed 45 university-level ice hockey players (both male and female) during a single Canadian Interuniversity Sports season. Of these, 38 players had usable dMRI scans obtained in the preseason. During the season, 11 players suffered a concussion, and 7 of these 11 players had usable dMRI scans that were taken within 72 hours of injury. To analyze the data, the authors performed free-water imaging, which reflects an increase in specificity over other dMRI analysis methods by identifying alterations that occur in the extracellular space compared with those that occur in proximity to cellular tissue in the white matter. They used an individualized approach to identify alterations that are spatially heterogeneous, as is expected in concussions. Results Paired comparison of the concussed players before and after injury revealed a statistically significant (p < 0.05) common pattern of reduced free-water volume and reduced axial diffusivity and fractional anisotropy following elimination of freewater. These free-water–corrected measures are less affected by partial volumes containing extracellular water and are therefore more specific to processes that occur within the brain tissue. Fractional anisotropy was significantly increased, but this change was no longer significant following the free-water elimination. Conclusions Concussion during ice hockey games results in microstructural alterations that are detectable using dMRI. The alterations that the authors found suggest decreased extracellular space and decreased diffusivities in white matter tissue. This finding might be explained by axonal injury and/or by increased cellularity of glia cells. Even though these findings in and of themselves cannot determine whether the observed microstructural alterations are related to long-term pathology or persistent symptoms, they are important nonetheless because they establish a clearer picture of how the brain responds to concussion.

scholarly journals Commonalities and Discrepancies in the Relationships between Behavioural Outcome and the Results of Neuroimaging in Brain-Damaged Patients

1996 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans J. Markowitsch ◽  
Pasquale Calabrese
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Brain Damage ◽  
Brain Lesions ◽  
Cumulative Effects ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Outcome Predictions

Variables which are of influence in establishing clear predictions of neuropsychological alterations from neuroradiological data (and vice versa) are documented and discussed. It is concluded that personality factors and the kind and locus of brain lesions are the most crucial determinants. The locus of the brain damage may have cumulative effects either when it is situated in a strategic place (usually within the white matter, affecting interneuronal communication) or when various types of lesions appear superimposed (combination of focal and diffuse lesions). Consequently, the consideration of the patient's personality background and of as many neuropsychological facts as possible may considerably increase the validity of outcome predictions. When static or dynamic neuroimaging fails to show abnormalities in spite of obvious psychological alterations, an intensive neuropsychological documentation may even replace neuroradiology.

scholarly journals Long-Term Intermittent Hypoxia Elevates Cobalt Levels in the Brain and Injures White Matter in Adult Mice

SLEEP ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 1471-1481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigrid C. Veasey ◽  
Jessica Lear ◽  
Yan Zhu ◽  
Judith B. Grinspan ◽  
Dominic J. Hare ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Intermittent Hypoxia ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease: A Case Report

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghazaleh Jamalipour Soufi ◽  
Siavash Iravan
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Proteolipid Protein ◽  
Radiology Department ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Normal White Matter ◽  
Pelizaeus Merzbacher Disease ◽  
The Brain

Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease (PMD), as a rare genetically x-linked leukodystrophy, is a disorder of proteolipid protein expression in myelin formation. This disorder is clinically presented by neurodevelopmental delay and abnormal pendular eye movements. The responsible gene for this disorder is the proteolipid protein gene (PLP1). Our case was a oneyear-old boy referred to the radiology department for evaluating the Central Nervous System (CNS) development by brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Clinically, he demonstrated neuro-developmental delay symptoms. The brain MRI results indicated a diffuse lack of normal white matter myelination. This case report should be considered about the possibilityof PMD in the brain MRI of patients who present a diffuse arrest of normal white matter myelination.

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