STUDY OF GIT RELATED KOSHTHANGA W.S.R. TO PAKWASHAYA

Human anatomy is the science where human body structures are designed to enable complete physiological action thus establishing homeostasis of the human body. Acharya Sushruta had a keen observation about the human body reflecting that without the absolute knowledge of Rachana Sharir. Chikitsak cannot be considered an expert. In Ayurveda, the part of G.I.T. is mentioned in Koshthanga by various Acharya. These Koshthanga are Aamashaya, Pakwashaya, Purishdhara, Uttarguda, Adharguda, Kshudrantra etc. which are situated within the koshtha. In modern anatomy, G.I.T. or Alimentary canal includes all the structures between the mouth and anus, forming a continuous passageway that includes the main organ of digestion, namely the stomach small intestine and large intestine, each part of the Gastric intestinal tract is adapted to its specific function. The 'oesophagus' function primarily to conduct food rapidly from the pharynx to the stomach mixing along with the digestive juic- es, carrying out partial digestion and then propelling the food into the duodenum is the function of the stomach small intestine is designed for complete digestion and absorption of nutrients. Absorption of water and electrolyte from the chyme to form solid faeces is the function of the large intestine. Pakwashaya is the main organ related to the site of Vata Dosha, Purishvaha srotas, Purishdhara kala, Koshthanga and Aashaya. Pakwashaya plays an important role in formation of urine and digestion of food. Keywords: Pakwashaya, Purish

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Repair of Wounds of the Mucosa in the Rectum of the Cat

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.6.3.509 ◽

1958 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 509-517

Author(s):

R. M. H. McMinn ◽

F. R. Johnson

Keyword(s):

Ulcerative Colitis ◽

Wound Healing ◽

Large Intestine ◽

Ulcer Healing ◽

Alimentary Canal ◽

Intestinal Tract ◽

Peptic Ulceration ◽

Repair Processes ◽

Series Of Experiments ◽

Mucosal Lesions

Investigators of wound healing in the alimentary canal have carried out their experiments mainly in the gastro-duodenal region, in view of the importance of the problem of peptic ulceration in man. Little attention has been paid to repair processes at lower levels of the intestinal tract; histological investigations on this subject in the large intestine appear to have been carried out only by O'Connor (1954, 1956) and by Lumb & Protheroe (1955). Sircus (1956) studied the ulceration that ensued in portions of colon that had been implanted into the stomach wall in dogs, but his interest lay in the mechanism of ulcer production rather than ulcer healing, and Truelove's (1957) biopsies from patients with ulcerative colitis were used largely to assess a method of treatment and not to investigate repair processes. The present series of experiments was carried out in order to study the repair of mucosal lesions in the rectum of the cat.

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INTRAVENOUS SOMATOSTATIN INFUSION AFFECTS GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT FUNCTION IN SHEEP

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas84-172 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 64 (5) ◽

pp. 93-94 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

G. J. FAICHNEY ◽

T. N. BARRY

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Key Words ◽

Large Intestine ◽

Retention Time ◽

Intestinal Tract ◽

Proximal Colon ◽

Mean Retention Time ◽

Gut Function ◽

Tract Function ◽

Gastro Intestinal Tract

Intravenous somatostatin infusion to anestrous ewes decreased the weight of all postomasal gut tissues, produced small increases in total 51Cr-EDTA and, 103Ru-phen mean retention times, increased the proportion of the total mean retention time spent in the abomasum + small intestine + cecum/proximal colon and decreased the proportion spent in the distal large intestine. Key words: Somatostatin, gut function, marker retention times

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The osmotic pressure and the concentration of some solutes of the intestinal contents and the faeces of the cow, in relation to the absorption of the minerals

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600049765 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 56 (3) ◽

pp. 317-324 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

E. J. van Weerden

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Blood Serum ◽

Osmotic Pressure ◽

Large Intestine ◽

Concentration Gradient ◽

Intestinal Tract ◽

Selective Absorption ◽

Inorganic Elements ◽

Intestinal Contents ◽

Sodium Metabolism

In the cows' intestine there is no isotony with the blood serum. In the upper part of the small intestine the chyme is strongly hypertonic but as it passes along the intestinal tract to the large intestine it becomes more and more hypotonic. The hypertony in the small intestine is not due to inorganic elements but is caused by organic non-electrolytes.In the large intestine hypotony is the result of strong selective absorption of sodium against a concentration gradient.This is an important aspect of the sodium metabolism of the cow. Chlorine is also absorbed from the large intestine against a concentration gradient.

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Congenital Intestinal Aganglionosis in White Foals

Veterinary Pathology ◽

10.1177/030098588302000107 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 65-70 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

S.L. Vonderfecht ◽

A. Trommershausen Bowling ◽

M. Cohen

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Large Intestine ◽

Intestinal Tract ◽

White Hair ◽

Significant Finding ◽

Entire Colon ◽

Colon And Rectum ◽

Neurological Defect ◽

Congenital Intestinal Aganglionosis ◽

Intestinal Aganglionosis

A congenital and probably hereditary neurological defect has been identified in the intestinal tract of six foals produced from the breeding of overo (a type of spotting pattern) horses. The foals had white hair and pink skin with the exception of occasional pigmented foci about the muzzle, ventral abdomen, and hindquarters. The foals appeared normal at birth, but within a few hours developed symptoms of colic. At necropsy, the only significant finding was a narrow, pale segment of large intestine. This abnormality either was confined to the small colon and rectum or involved the entire colon and rectum. Microscopically, myenteric and submucosal neuronal plexuses were absent throughout the large intestine and extensive portions of the small intestine. The only other significant finding was the lack of melanin in the skin.

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Procedures for determining digestibility of amino acids, lipids, starch, fibre, phosphorus, and calcium in feed ingredients fed to pigs

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an17343 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 57 (11) ◽

pp. 2317 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

H. H. Stein

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Small Intestine ◽

Large Intestine ◽

Intestinal Tract ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Practical Reasons ◽

Feed Ingredients ◽

Ileal Digestibility ◽

Diet Formulation

The proportion of nutrients that is absorbed from the intestinal tract of the pig differs among dietary ingredients; therefore, it would be desirable to determine the proportion of nutrients that is absorbed for each ingredient, but, for practical reasons, values for the digestibility of nutrients in each ingredient are used as predictors of absorption. For amino acids, starch and lipids, ileal digestibility must be determined because nutrients not absorbed in the small intestine will be fermented or changed in the large intestine, which invalidates data for total tract digestibility of these nutrients. For starch, apparent ileal digestibility is a reasonable predictor of its disappearance from the small intestine, but because of endogenous secretions of amino acids and lipids into the small intestine, standardised ileal digestibility of amino acids and true ileal digestibility of fat must be determined. For fibre, total tract digestibility is used to estimate fermentation and subsequent absorption of short-chain fatty acids, but it must be corrected for endogenous secretions. Likewise, for phosphorus and calcium, values for apparent total tract digestibility must be corrected for basal endogenous losses; consequently, standardised total tract digestibility of phosphorus and calcium is calculated and used in diet formulation. These procedures for determining the digestibility of nutrients in feed ingredients make it possible to formulate diets in which concentrations of digestible nutrients can be predicted from values for individual feed ingredients.

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Anatomi Saluran Pencernaan biawak air (Varanus salvator) (Reptil: Varanidae)

10.31227/osf.io/qugw6 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Mahfud Mahfud ◽

Ihwan

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Digestive Tract ◽

Large Intestine ◽

Scientific Information ◽

Tissue Perfusion ◽

Animal Population ◽

Varanus Salvator ◽

Commercial Purpose ◽

Left And Right ◽

Biology Laboratory

Excessive hunting and poaching for commercial purpose of Varanus salvator in Indonesia can cause a decline in this animal population. However, the scientific information of this animal especially about the biologic of organ system is rarely reported. Therefore, this case opens up opportunities for researching, which aims to study the anatomy of digestive tract of water monitor macroscopically. This research has been conducted in Biology Laboratory, University of Muhammadiyah Kupang for 5 months from March to August 2016. The digestive organ of this animal that has been preserved in alcohol 70% was obtained before from two males of water monitors. Preservation process: the animal were anesthetized, exsanguinated, and fixated in 4 paraformaldehyde by tissue perfusion method. Observations were performed to the visceral site and morphometrical of digestive tract. The resulted data was analysed descriptively and presented in tables and figures. The digestive tract of water monitor consist of esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and cloaca. The dimension of each organ is different based on its structures and functions. The esophagus of water monitor connects the mouth cavity and the stomach and also as the entrance of food to the stomach. Water monitor stomach were found in cranial part of abdomen, in left side of liver. The small intestine was longer than stomach and it is a winding muscular tube in abdomen in posterior side of liver. The large intestine consist of colon and cloaca, while cecum was not found. This channel was extend lateromedially in abdomen to cloaca between left and right kidneys. The cloaca was the end of digestive tract which excreted feces and urine. From this research, we can conclude that the digestive tract of water monitor consists of esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. It’s difficult to differentiate small intestine and large intestine because there are no cecum.

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DSP Toxin Distribution across Organs in Mice after Acute Oral Administration

Marine Drugs ◽

10.3390/md19010023 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 23

Author(s):

M. Carmen Louzao ◽

Paula Abal ◽

Celia Costas ◽

Toshiyuki Suzuki ◽

Ryuichi Watanabe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Small Intestine ◽

Large Intestine ◽

Safety Assessment ◽

Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Dose Dependency ◽

Shellfish Poisoning ◽

Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning ◽

Different Doses ◽

Lipophilic Phycotoxins

Okadaic acid (OA) and its main structural analogs dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) and dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX2) are marine lipophilic phycotoxins distributed worldwide that can be accumulated by edible shellfish and can cause diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP). In order to study their toxicokinetics, mice were treated with different doses of OA, DTX1, or DTX2 and signs of toxicity were recorded up to 24 h. Toxin distribution in the main organs from the gastrointestinal tract was assessed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) analysis. Our results indicate a dose-dependency in gastrointestinal absorption of these toxins. Twenty-four hours post-administration, the highest concentration of toxin was detected in the stomach and, in descending order, in the large intestine, small intestine, and liver. There was also a different toxicokinetic pathway between OA, DTX1, and DTX2. When the same toxin doses are compared, more OA than DTX1 is detected in the small intestine. OA and DTX1 showed similar concentrations in the stomach, liver, and large intestine tissues, but the amount of DTX2 is much lower in all these organs, providing information on DSP toxicokinetics for human safety assessment.

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Endoscopic Removal of a Press-Through Pack from the Anal Canal

Case Reports in Gastroenterology ◽

10.1159/000511751 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 137-141

Author(s):

Ayaka Takasu ◽

Takashi Ikeya ◽

Katsuyuki Fukuda

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Anal Canal ◽

Large Intestine ◽

Digital Rectal Examination ◽

Anal Pain ◽

Endoscopic Removal ◽

Mild Dementia ◽

Anal Fissures ◽

History Of ◽

Pass Through

The incidence of press-through pack (PTP) ingestion has been increasing. In many cases, the ingested PTP is lodged in the esophagus. Here, we report a case of endoscopic removal of a PTP from the anal canal. An 89-year-old man with mild dementia presented with a 3-day history of anal pain. On digital rectal examination, we felt a hard and sharp object, which could not be manually removed due to its shape. Therefore, it was removed endoscopically. We inserted an endoscope with a large-caliber soft oblique cap and observed the PTP in the anal canal. It was successfully removed using grasping forceps. The patient was stable, with only mild anal fissures, and no serious complications such as perforation and bleeding were observed. It is generally recognized that a PTP that reaches the large intestine is naturally expelled. Even if a PTP could pass through the pylorus or the small intestine, it could still be difficult to discharge naturally from the anus without discomfort or pain, as in this case.

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Biotin studies in pigs

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19890077 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 62 (3) ◽

pp. 767-772 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

J. S. Kopinski ◽

Jane Leibholz ◽

W. L. Bryden

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Large Intestine ◽

Maize Flour ◽

Hind Gut

Eight pigs were given a semi-purified diet based on maize flour and casein containing 10 μg biotin/kg. The diet was given ad lib. with or without a supplement of 70 μg biotin/kg diet from 5 to 94 d of age. The flow of biotin in the stomach was similar to the biotin intake (13.5 and 112 μg/d) for the unsupplemented and biotin-supplemented pigs respectively. The flow of biotin through the small intestine decreased for the biotin-supplemented pigs from 39 μg/d in the first quarter of the small intestine to 7.9 μg/d in the last quarter. The flows of biotin in the caecum, large intestine and colon were similar for both the unsupplemented and biotin-supplemented pigs, with values of 17–54 μg/d, indicating the synthesis of biotin in the hind-gut.

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