scholarly journals Shakrook Anticline, a Very Complicated Structural Form, North Iraq, Kurdistan Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (2F) ◽  
pp. 162-177
Author(s):  
Varoujan Sissakian ◽  
Ala Ghafur ◽  
Hawkar Abdulhaq ◽  
Hassan Omer
Keyword(s):  
Upper Cretaceous ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Upper Jurassic ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
Structural Form ◽  
Geological Maps ◽  
North Iraq ◽  
Geological Map ◽  
Complex Structural

The Shakrook anticline has very a complicated structural form, this is attributed to three thrust faults, and the presence of four anticlinal axes with the main anticlinal body. The most northwest existing anticline is called in the current study the Sisawa anticline, the main two anticlines are called the Shakrook East and Shakrook West, whereas the fourth one is called the Biluk anticline it is developed along the southwestern limb of the Shakrook East anticline. The exposed rocks in the Shakrook anticline range from Upper Jurassic to the Paleogene age. The bulk of the main Shakrook anticline is formed by the Bekhme Formation (Upper Cretaceous age), whereas the bulk of the Sisawa anticline is formed of the Shiranish Formation (Upper Cretaceous age) with Paleogene and Neogene aged rocks. Geological maps and high-quality satellite images were used to elucidate the complex structural form of the Shakrook anticline. The updated geological map is quite different from those existing geological maps. A field investigation was carried out to check the interpreted data and to implement photography to the interested structural and geomorphological forms. Different geomorphological forms also were interpreted; they all refer to the lateral growth of the Shakrook anticline.

scholarly journals The value of urban trails, statuary and installations for Geoscience education: uses and abuses from the north of England and further afield

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-281
Author(s):  
Phillip J. Murphy ◽  
Elizabeth Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Building Stone ◽  
Educational Resources ◽  
Geoscience Education ◽  
Web Based ◽  
The North ◽  
Geological Maps ◽  
Geological Map ◽  
The Right ◽  
Education Resource ◽  
City Park

The origins, uses and fates of a number of purpose built urban educational resources sited in the north of England are reviewed. These include walk on geological maps, building stone trails, a church gate and landscaping in a city park. A geological trail in the municipal cemetery of Rochdale dating from 1855 is a candidate for the oldest purpose made geological education trail in the world and the most recent educational resource was built in 2015. The destruction of a walk on geological map of England and Wales in 2004 shows that such valuable geoscience educational resources are in need of protection. A range of educational uses of these resources are suggested. Comparison is made with similar resources in London, both statuary and web based, and ways to ensure their preservation and continued educational use are suggested. This study shows that a geoscience education resource, if sited in the right place and looked after, can be an exciting and inspirational education resource in regular use for over half a century.

scholarly journals Aqra Anticline: A Growing Structure in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
Ala A. Ghafur ◽  
Varoujan K. Sissakian ◽  
Hawkar A. Abdulhaq ◽  
Hassan O. Omar
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Images ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Alluvial Fans ◽  
Lateral Growth ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
Iraqi Kurdistan ◽  
Geomorphological Features

Aqra Anticline is a double plunging anticline, oriented NW–SE with a steep southwestern limb and even overturned. Geomorphological features are interpreted using satellite images, as a result, it was found that the anticline shows clear geomorphological and structural features which indicate the lateral growth of the anticline. Among those features are water gaps, wind gaps, forked-shaped valleys, curved valleys, inclined valleys and dislocated and abandoned alluvial fans. Some of the vague interpreted features were checked and confirmed in the field.

scholarly journals Automated geological map deconstruction for 3D model construction using <i>map2loop</i> 1.0 and <i>map2model</i> 1.0

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 5063-5092
Author(s):  
Mark Jessell ◽  
Vitaliy Ogarko ◽  
Yohan de Rose ◽  
Mark Lindsay ◽  
Ranee Joshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Extraction ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
3D Modelling ◽  
Stochastic Simulations ◽  
Model Construction ◽  
Conceptual Information ◽  
Geological Maps ◽  
Information Studies ◽  
Geological Map ◽  
Positional Data

Abstract. At a regional scale, the best predictor for the 3D geology of the near-subsurface is often the information contained in a geological map. One challenge we face is the difficulty in reproducibly preparing input data for 3D geological models. We present two libraries (map2loop and map2model) that automatically combine the information available in digital geological maps with conceptual information, including assumptions regarding the subsurface extent of faults and plutons to provide sufficient constraints to build a prototype 3D geological model. The information stored in a map falls into three categories of geometric data: positional data, such as the position of faults, intrusive, and stratigraphic contacts; gradient data, such as the dips of contacts or faults; and topological data, such as the age relationships of faults and stratigraphic units or their spatial adjacency relationships. This automation provides significant advantages: it reduces the time to first prototype models; it clearly separates the data, concepts, and interpretations; and provides a homogenous pathway to sensitivity analysis, uncertainty quantification, and value of information studies that require stochastic simulations, and thus the automation of the 3D modelling workflow from data extraction through to model construction. We use the example of the folded and faulted Hamersley Basin in Western Australia to demonstrate a complete workflow from data extraction to 3D modelling using two different open-source 3D modelling engines: GemPy and LoopStructural.

An Early Cretaceous (Berriasian) fossil-bearing locality from the Rocky Mountains of Alberta, yielding the oldest dinosaur skeletal remains from western Canada

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 542-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramon S. Nagesan ◽  
James A. Campbell ◽  
Jason D. Pardo ◽  
Kendra I. Lennie ◽  
Matthew J. Vavrek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Early Cretaceous ◽  
Depositional Environment ◽  
Upper Cretaceous ◽  
Upper Jurassic ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Terrestrial Vertebrate ◽  
Overlying Strata

Western North America preserves iconic dinosaur faunas from the Upper Jurassic and Upper Cretaceous, but this record is interrupted by an approximately 20 Myr gap with essentially no terrestrial vertebrate fossil localities. This poorly sampled interval is nonetheless important because it is thought to include a possible mass extinction, the origin of orogenic controls on dinosaur spatial distribution, and the origin of important Upper Cretaceous dinosaur taxa. Therefore, dinosaur-bearing rocks from this interval are of particular interest to vertebrate palaeontologists. In this study, we report on one such locality from Highwood Pass, Alberta. This locality has yielded a multitaxic assemblage, with the most diagnostic material identified so far including ankylosaurian osteoderms and a turtle plastron element. The fossil horizon lies within the upper part of the Pocaterra Creek Member of the Cadomin Formation (Blairmore Group). The fossils are assigned as Berriasian (earliest Cretaceous) in age, based on previous palynomorph analyses of the Pocaterra Creek Member and underlying and overlying strata. The fossils lie within numerous cross-bedded sandstone beds separated by pebble lenses. These sediments are indicative of a relatively high-energy depositional environment, and the distribution of these fossils over multiple beds indicates that they accumulated over multiple events, possibly flash floods. The fossils exhibit a range of surface weathering, having intact to heavily weathered cortices. The presence of definitive dinosaur material from near the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary of Alberta establishes the oldest record of dinosaur body fossils in western Canada and provides a unique opportunity to study the Early Cretaceous dinosaur faunas of western North America.

Mesozoic and Cenozoic History of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland

1971 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grant A. Bartlett ◽  
Leigh Smith
Keyword(s):  
Upper Cretaceous ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Upper Jurassic ◽  
Oceanic Circulation ◽  
Silty Mudstone ◽  
Grand Banks ◽  
History Of ◽  
Depositional Age ◽  
Sea Floor Spreading ◽  
Lime Muds

Two wells drilled by Pan American in the Grand Banks of Newfoundland gave the first stratigraphic section of Cretaceous and Cenozoic age northeast of Long Island and the only Jurassic and possible Permian sections in the Atlantic Continental Margin of North America.Integrated analysis of lithic and faunal data showed a minimum of seven sequences present. These are Pleistocene, Middle and Upper Miocene, Intra-Eocene, Paleocene and lowest Eocene, Upper Cretaceous, Middle Cretaceous, and Neocomian in age.The rocks range from halite and anhydrite, of possible Permian depositional age, to limestones, in the Upper Jurassic, lower Upper Cretaceous, mid-Eocene and mid-Miocene, and sandstones, which dominate the Neocomian, Upper Eocene, and Middle Miocene. Variable proportions of shale and silty mudstone occur throughout.The microfaunas contain both Tethyan and Boreal elements, and suggest oceanic circulation changes, sea-floor spreading, or both.Depositional environments ranged from subaerial, for the quartz arenites, through very low-land, for stream and swamp deposits, to estuarine, lagoonal, bank and open-shelf warm-marine environments, in which were deposited fine sand to clay-size terrigenous sediment, or, in its absence, skeletal carbonates or lime muds. The first dominant cooling trend appeared in the Late Miocene.All erosional environments of the hiatal episodes appear to have been subaerial and humid.A salt dome intruded the Tors Cove well section, its last movement being in mid-Early Eocene.Periodic interregional tectonic oscillations produced the erosional and depositional episodes of the major baselevel transit cycles. Their total effect is a sedimentary wedge, thickening by preservation toward the continent's edge, and representing one-half or less of Upper Mesozoic and Cenozoic time.

scholarly journals Landslide susceptibility assessment in complex geological settings: sensitivity to geological information and insights on its parameterization

Landslides ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 2443-2453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuele Segoni ◽  
Giulio Pappafico ◽  
Tania Luti ◽  
Filippo Catani
Keyword(s):  
Landslide Susceptibility ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Receiver Operator Characteristic Curve ◽  
Landslide Susceptibility Mapping ◽  
Susceptibility Assessment ◽  
Geological Maps ◽  
Geological Information ◽  
Susceptibility Model ◽  
Validation Procedure ◽  
Geological Map

AbstractThe literature about landslide susceptibility mapping is rich of works focusing on improving or comparing the algorithms used for the modeling, but to our knowledge, a sensitivity analysis on the use of geological information has never been performed, and a standard method to input geological maps into susceptibility assessments has never been established. This point is crucial, especially when working on wide and complex areas, in which a detailed geological map needs to be reclassified according to more general criteria. In a study area in Italy, we tested different configurations of a random forest–based landslide susceptibility model, accounting for geological information with the use of lithologic, chronologic, structural, paleogeographic, and genetic units. Different susceptibility maps were obtained, and a validation procedure based on AUC (area under receiver-operator characteristic curve) and OOBE (out of bag error) allowed us to get to some conclusions that could be of help for in future landslide susceptibility assessments. Different parameters can be derived from a detailed geological map by aggregating the mapped elements into broader units, and the results of the susceptibility assessment are very sensitive to these geology-derived parameters; thus, it is of paramount importance to understand properly the nature and the meaning of the information provided by geology-related maps before using them in susceptibility assessment. Regarding the model configurations making use of only one parameter, the best results were obtained using the genetic approach, while lithology, which is commonly used in the current literature, was ranked only second. However, in our case study, the best prediction was obtained when all the geological parameters were used together. Geological maps provide a very complex and multifaceted information; in wide and complex area, this information cannot be represented by a single parameter: more geology-based parameters can perform better than one, because each of them can account for specific features connected to landslide predisposition.

THE EVOLUTION OF GEOLOGICAL MAPS OF LOWER SILESIA ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE KARKONOSZE-IZERA BLOCK

2016 ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Stanisław WOŁKOWICZ
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Geological Mapping ◽  
Geological Maps ◽  
Geological Map ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Lower Silesia

The paper presents the development of the geological mapping of in the Sudetes and Lower Silesia, starting from issuing in 1791 the first geological map of the Karkonosze Mountains, developed by J. Jirasek and issued in 1791, through maps of L. von Buch, C. von Raumer and A. Kaluža from the beginning of the 19th century, through and numerous editions of atlases published throughout the 19th century, ending with the detailed maps produced at the scale of 1 : 25,000 in at the beginning of the 20th century. The latter maps were the basis for the geological maps prepared after 1945.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ROAD-CUTS AND OTHER ROCK SECTIONS EXPOSED BY THE NEW LINEAR INVESTMENTS FOR THE GEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN POLAND

2018 ◽  
Vol 473 (473) ◽  
pp. 93-108
Author(s):  
Krzysztof URBAŃSKI
Keyword(s):  
Geological Mapping ◽  
Geological Survey ◽  
The Road ◽  
Excellent Opportunity ◽  
Geological Maps ◽  
Geological Map ◽  
Geological Research

The road-cuts and other new excavation works provide an excellent opportunity for upgrading the geological maps in Poland. Such opportunity should not be missed. Updating The Detailed Geological Map of Poland at the scale of 1:50 000 should be the priority. Ephemeral nature of the freshly cut outcrops makes this research rather urgent. It would require an adequate planning and organization. Geological mapping based on the new road-cuts and rock sections exposed by new investments should be one of the main tasks of the Geological Survey of Poland.

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