scholarly journals Inkonsistensi Tentang Pemberhentian Kepala Negara Menurut Konstitusi Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aryo Akbar
Keyword(s):  

Demokrasi dalam sebuah negara dapat di artikan bahwa seluruh kekuasaan dan kewenangannya harus berdasarkan sebuah aturan yang di sepakati bersama yang di cantumkan dalam sebuah konstitusi negara. Bangsa ketika melaksanakan demokrasi tentu bertujuan untuk menggerakkan roda kekuasaan. Salah satu faktor penyebab orang menjadi peminpin adalah guna menjalankan kekuasaan dalam sebuah negara tersebut harus didasarkan pada keinginan rakyat dalam negara tersebut. Hal tersebut juga terjadi terhadap seorang Presiden yang dipilih oleh rakyat. Presiden merupakan orang yang diberikan kewenanagan dalam menjalankan roda pemerintahan berdasarkan atas keinginan rakyat. Kewenangan dalam menjalankan roda pemerintahan ini diberikan pada bidang eksekutif dan harus di pertanggumgjawabkan pada Parlemen atau bidang Legislatif yang mana parlemen tersebut merupakan representatif dari rakyat. Tata cara/mekanisme pemberhentian presiden setelah amandemen di atur dalam pasal 7A dan 7B Undang-undang Dasar 1945 yang melibatkan sebuah peradilan yakni Mahkamah Konstitusi berdasarkan pada pasal 24 C ayat 2 pada konstitusi Indonesia. Mahkamah Konstitusi  yang bagi beberapa ahli juga berpendapat sebagai peradilan politik tentu saja dalam menjalankan tugasnya tentu saja tidak lepas dari pengaruh dinamika politik yang berkembang pada saat itu. Memberhentikan presiden/wakil presiden bukanlah sebuah perkara mudah, Mahkamah Konstitusi harus mendapatkan laporan dan usulan dari Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (legislatif) sebagai penerjemahan prinsip “check and balance system”. Dukungan politik tentu sangat berpengaruh terhadap pemberhentian kepala negara. Unsur politik lebih berpengaruh dibandingkan putusan yang diberikan oleh mahkamah konstitusi terhadap pelanggaran hukum yang dilakukan kepala negara dalam menjalankan roda pemerintahan yang dibuktikan melalui pemeriksaan yang dilakukan Mahkamah Konstitusi dan dituangkan dalam bentuk putusan. Tidak ada ketentuan dalam konstitusi mewajibkan MPR untuk melakukan putusan yang telah dilakukan lembaga mahkamah konstitusi mengenai pemberhentian terhadap kepala negara tidak memiliki akibat hukum atau sanksi sehingga tidak dilaksanakannya putusan yang dibuat Mahkamah Konstitusi akan menimbulkan ketidakpastian hukum bila tidak dilaksanakan oleh Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat selaku eksekutor dari putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi. Idealnya seharusnya putusan yang dibuat atau dikeluarkan oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi harus segera dijalankan dengan dibawa kesidang istimewa guna menjalankan putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi tanpa melakukan voting lagi. Bila voting dilakukan otomatis jika suara terbanyak tidak menerima putusan yang dibuat Mahkamah Konstitusi maka pemberhentian Kepala Negara mengalami jalan buntu

2014 ◽  
Vol 945-949 ◽  
pp. 777-780
Author(s):  
Tao Liu ◽  
Yong Xu ◽  
Bo Yuan Mao

Firstly, according to the structure characteristics of precision centrifuge, the mathematical model of its dynamic balancing system was set up, and the dynamic balancing scheme of double test surfaces, double emendation surfaces were established. Then the dynamic balance system controller of precision centrifuge was designed. Simulation results show that the controller designed can completely meet the requirements of precision centrifuge dynamic balance control system.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Nour Zughbor ◽  
Aisha Alwahshi ◽  
Rahaf Abdelrahman ◽  
Zeina Elnekiti ◽  
Hoda Elkareish ◽  
...  

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Stroke is defined as the lack of blood supply to the brain, leading to rapid loss of brain function presenting with impairments such as muscle weakness, spasticity, lack of coordination, and proprioception loss. Both hydrotherapy and land-based therapy aim to target these aspects in the process of rehabilitation. The study aims to determine the effectiveness of water-based therapy on balance and gait of patients with stroke compared to land-based therapy. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Data for this review were extracted from databases such as CINAHL, OTseeker, Ovid, PEDro, and PubMed (MEDLINE) and other sources such as Google Scholar. PRISMA guidelines were followed to exclude irrelevant studies. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included, and methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale. A meta-analysis of extracted data was conducted. <b><i>Results:</i></b> A total of 16 relevant RCTs were included for the review (<i>n</i> = 412 participants). All RCTs investigated the effect of water-based therapy compared to land-based therapy on balance and gait of patients with stroke. Meta-analysis of studies that used the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) as a primary outcome measure favored land-based therapy. Studies that used the Good Balance System (GBS) and the Biodex Balance System (BioBS) to measure the changes in anteroposterior sway and mediolateral sway favored water-based therapy. The overall pooled effect favored land-based therapy in improving gait parameters. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Findings from meta-analysis support the effectiveness of land-based therapy in the improvement of balance and gait parameters of patients with stroke. However, the evidence for water-based therapy continues to be limited, and higher quality studies are required to determine the effectiveness of water-based therapy on patients with stroke, particularly on balance and gait.


Author(s):  
Keum-Yong Park ◽  
Yeol-Hun Sung ◽  
Jae-Hung Han

AbstractA cable-driven model support concept is suggested and implemented in this paper. In this case, it is a cable suspension and balance system (CSBS), which has the advantages of low support interference and reduced vibration responses for effective wind tunnel tests. This system is designed for both model motion control and aerodynamic load measurements. In the CSBS, the required position or the attitude of the test model is realized by eight motors, which adjust the length, velocity, and acceleration of the corresponding cables. Aerodynamic load measurements are accomplished by a cable balance consisting of eight load cells connected to the assigned cables. The motion responses and load measurement outputs were in good agreement with the reference data. The effectiveness of the CSBS against aerodynamic interference and vibration is experimentally demonstrated through comparative tests with a rear sting and a crescent sting support (CSS). The advantages of the CSBS are examined through several wind tunnel tests of a NACA0015 airfoil model. The cable support of the CSBS clearly showed less aerodynamic interference than the rear sting with a CSS, judging from the drag coefficient profile. Additionally, the CSBS showed excellent vibration suppression characteristics at all angles of attack.


2011 ◽  
Vol 201-203 ◽  
pp. 895-903
Author(s):  
June Wen Chen ◽  
Hao Sheng Hsieh ◽  
Yi Hsien Chen ◽  
Shih Jui Wu ◽  
Li An Chiu

Integrating the Hall sensors to the extremity balance system of exercise and rehabilitation bicycles was developed and examined in detail. We have accomplished and manufactured a complete system which is user friendly, multi-functional, highly stabilized and inexpensive.


Author(s):  
Bilinc Dogruoz Karatekin ◽  
Seyhmus Yasin ◽  
Yasemin Yumusakhuylu ◽  
Fethullah Bayram ◽  
Afitap Icagasioglu

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah C Milne ◽  
Seok Hun Kim ◽  
Anna Murphy ◽  
Jane Larkindale ◽  
Jennifer Farmer ◽  
...  

Objective: To identify gait and balance measures that are responsive to change during the timeline of a clinical trial in Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) we administered a battery of potential measures three times over a 12-month period. Methods: Sixty-one ambulant individuals with FRDA underwent assessment of gait and balance at baseline, six months and 12 months. Outcomes included: GAITRite spatiotemporal gait parameters; Biodex Balance System Postural Stability Test (PST) and Limits of Stability; Berg Balance Scale (BBS); Timed 25 Foot Walk Test; Dynamic Gait Index (DGI); SenseWear MF Armband step and energy activity; and the Friedreich Ataxia Rating Scale Upright Stability Subscale (FARS USS). The standardised response mean (SRM) or correlation coefficients were reported as effect size indices for comparison of internal responsiveness. Internal responsiveness was also analysed in subgroups. Results: SenseWear Armband daily step count had the largest effect size of all the variables over six months (SRM=-0.615), while the PST medial-lateral index had the largest effect size (SRM=0.829) over 12 months. The FARS USS (SRM=0.824) and BBS (SRM=-0.720) were the only outcomes able to detect change over 12 months in all subgroups. The DGI was the most responsive outcome in children, detecting a mean change of -2.59 (95% CI -3.52 to -1.66, p<0.001, SRM=-1.429). Conclusions: The FARS USS and BBS are highly responsive and can detect change in a wide range of ambulant individuals with FRDA. However, therapeutic effects in children may be best measured by the DGI.


1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Vlachos ◽  
D. Telionis ◽  
M. Donnelly

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