scholarly journals Sublethal effects of the Water -Soluble Fractions of Virgin Diesel Oil on some Physiological Parameters of Clarias Gariepinus Juveniles.

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-32
Author(s):  
AS Lemuel ◽  
HB Hassan ◽  
JK Makpo ◽  
AA Abdulmalik ◽  
NC Andrew
Keyword(s):  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Physiological Parameters ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control ◽  
Sublethal Concentrations ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Soluble Fractions

This study was undertaken to evaluate the sublethal effects of the water-soluble fractions of virgin diesel oil on some physiological parameters of C. gariepinus juveniles. The mean weight of C.gariepinus Juveniles weight of 1.61±1.86g, total length of 9.5±10.5cm and standard length of 11.0±12.5cm were exposed to sublethal concentrations of 0.58 ml/L, 0.29 ml/L, 0.14 ml/L, 0.07 ml/L, 0.04 ml/L and control 0.00 ml/L. There were significant differences at (P<0.05) on the different levels of sublethal concentrations. The tissues include; gills, liver and intestine. The alterations considered include; the gills; inflammation, hyperplasia, fusion, lamella aneurism, epithelial lifting, abrasion and necrosis, in the liver, there was lesions, and inflammation, and also alterations of the intestine were mainly sloughing of the intestinal villi and intestinal mucosa. It was concluded that contamination of water-soluble fractions of virgin diesel oil in any water body or aquatic environment can induce several histopathological alterations in the tissues of Clarias gariepinus juvenile.

scholarly journals Histopathological changes in gills and liver of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings exposed to acute concentrations of dry cell battery

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-33
Author(s):  
B.S. Audu ◽  
M. Damshit ◽  
J.O. Omirinde ◽  
I.A. Wakawa ◽  
Y. Sulaiman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Histopathological Changes ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
Indiscriminate Disposal ◽  
Dry Cell ◽  
Soluble Fractions

Waste dry cell batteries are frequently improperly disposed and subsequently washed into water bodies-- causing deleterious effects on fish particularly Clarias gariepinus which inhabits diverse freshwater habitats. Acute toxicity of water-soluble fractions of waste dry cell batteries was investigated on C. gariepinus fingerlings under laboratory conditions in 96 hours. Ten (10) C. gariepinus fingerlings were exposed to acute concentrations (0.31, 0.63, 1.25, 2.50, and 5.00 g/L) of waste dry cell batteries and a control (0.00 g/L), each duplicate replicated. Histopathological alterations  evident in the gills were lamellar fusion, hyperplasia, inter-lamella space occlusion, hypertrophy and erosion of secondary lamellae. The liver showed nuclear and hepatocytes degeneration, vacuolation and portal congestion. Acute concentrations of water-soluble fractions of waste dry cell batteries caused significant (P<0.05) changes in the histomorphology of the gills and liver of C. gariepinus fingerlings, therefore indiscriminate disposal of waste dry cell batteries around riparian ecosystem should be safeguarded to reduce the declining diversity and abundance of freshwater fish species. Keywords: African catfish, 96 hr.LC50, Fingerlings, Histopathology Zinc-carbon battery

Stability of nano-sized permethrin in its colloidal state and its effect on the physiological and biochemical profile of Culex tritaeniorhynchus larvae

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (5) ◽  
pp. 676-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Mishra ◽  
A.P.B Balaji ◽  
P.K. Dhal ◽  
R.S. Suresh Kumar ◽  
S. Magdassi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Colloidal Dispersion ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Oil In Water ◽  
Pyrethroid Pesticide ◽  
Instability Rate ◽  
Colloidal State ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control

AbstractThe occurrence of pesticidal pollution in the environment and the resistance in the mosquito species makes an urge for the safer and an effective pesticide. Permethrin, a poorly water-soluble pyrethroid pesticide, was formulated into a hydrodispersible nanopowder through rapid solvent evaporation of pesticide-loaded oil in water microemulsion. Stability studies confirmed that the nanopermethrin dispersion was stable in paddy field water for 5 days with the mean particle sizes of 175.3 ± 0.75 nm and zeta potential of −30.6 ± 0.62 mV. The instability rate of the nanopermethrin particles was greater in alkaline (pH 10) medium when compared with the neutral (pH 7) and acidic (pH 4) dispersion medium. The colloidal dispersion at 45°C was found to be less stable compared with the dispersions at 25 and 5°C. The 12- and 24-h lethal indices (LC50) for nanopermethrin were found to be 0.057 and 0.014 mg l−1, respectively. These results were corroborative with the severity of damages observed in the mosquito larvae manifested in epithelial cells and the evacuation of the midgut contents. Further, the results were substantiated by the decrease in cellular biomolecules and biomarker enzyme activity in nanopermethrin treated larvae when compared to bulk and control treatment.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the sublethal effect of tetrachlorantraniliprole on Spodoptera exigua and its potential toxicity to two non-target organisms

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0242052
Author(s):  
Haiyuan Teng ◽  
Yongda Yuan ◽  
Tianshu Zhang ◽  
Xiaoli Chang ◽  
Dongsheng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Spodoptera Exigua ◽  
Harmonia Axyridis ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Ryanodine Receptors ◽  
Sublethal Effect ◽  
Lepidopteran Insect ◽  
Anthranilic Diamide ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sublethal Concentrations ◽  
Target Effects

Tetrachlorantraniliprole (TCAP) is a novel anthranilic diamide insecticide that specifically targets the ryanodine receptors of lepidopteran insect species with excellent insecticidal activity. Previous studies have reported the sublethal effects of multiple diamides on several lepidopteran species, whereas the sublethal and non-target effects of TCAP remain largely unknown. We assessed the sublethal effects of TCAP on Spodoptera exigua. We also investigated the effects of TCAP on non-target Harmonia axyridis and Eisenia fetida, S. exigua was more sensitive to TCAP than to chlorantraniliprole, as the LC50 (10.371 μg L-1 at 72 h) of TCAP was relatively lower. Compared with those of the control, sublethal concentrations of TCAP (LC10 and LC30) not only prolonged the duration of the larval and pupal stages as well as the mean generation time but also reduced certain population parameters. On the other hand, TCAP exposure, even at the highest concentration, did not induce toxic effects in H. axyridis ladybugs (1st instar larvae and adults) or E. fetida earthworms. Taken together, our results suggest that TCAP can be used as a novel and promising component of the integrated pest management (IPM) program against S. exigua due to its robust target effects and negligible non-target risks.

Effects of Water-soluble Components of Cheese on Experimental Caries in Humans

1987 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.F. de A. Silva ◽  
R.C. Burgess ◽  
H.J. Sandham ◽  
G.N. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Control Side ◽  
Experimental Side ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Control ◽  
Bovine Enamel ◽  
Soluble Components

The effect of water-soluble components of extra-old Cheddar cheese on experimental caries was tested by means of the seven-day intraoral cariogenicity test (ICT). Two bovine enamel blocks were placed in each buccal flange of the dental appliances of five volunteers. One side of each appliance (experimental) was dipped in a 25% water extract of the cheese for five min, while the other side (control) was dipped in de-ionized water. Immediately thereafter, the appliance was returned to the subject's mouth, and two 60-second rinses with 10% sucrose were performed. These procedures were repeated six times per day. The cheese-extract dippings reduced the cariogenicity of the sucrose by an average of 55.7% (p<0.01), as assessed by enamel microhardness. Neither the mean resting pH nor the mean minimum pH in response to sucrose was significantly different between the experimental and control sides. The concentration of calcium was significantly higher in plaque from the experimental side (32.44 μg/mg) as compared with the control side (19.36 μg/mg, p<0.01). The concentration of plaque phosphorus was higher on the experimental side (12.90 μg/mg) than on the control side (9.61 μg/mg); however, the difference was not statistically significant. These results show that cheese has one or more water-soluble components which reduce experimental caries in human subjects.

scholarly journals Acute toxicity of the water-soluble fraction of diesel in Prochilodus vimboidesKner (Characiformes: Prochilodontidae)

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celina Alcoforado Santos ◽  
Dominik Lenz ◽  
Geisamanda Pedrini Brandão ◽  
Adriana Regina Chippari-Gomes ◽  
Levy Carvalho Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Micronucleus Test ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Water Soluble Fraction ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Control

Diesel oil can be a source of contamination in aquatic environments, mainly as a result of spills. The effects of the water-soluble fraction of diesel (WSF) on Prochilodus vimboideswere assessed. Fish were exposed to three different WSF dilutions for up to 96 h and were compared to a control group. Damages in the fragments of DNA were analyzed using the Comet assay. The presence of erytrocyts abnormalities was assessed by micronucleus test. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity and the accumulation of copper in gills were also analyzed. Fish exposed for 96 h had higher rates of damage than those exposed for 24 h. There was no significant difference regarding the presence of micronuclei between exposed and control fish and between 24-h and 96-h exposures. For AST, no significant difference was observed between samples collected at the two exposure times. Fish exposed to a 1:100 dilution of WSF showed higher activity of the enzyme ALT than the control fish after a 24-h exposure period. There was no bioaccumulation of copper in the gills. We conclude that the genotoxic effects of WSF in the cells are more evident in P. vimboides during an acute exposure.

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