scholarly journals Analytical study on Fungal Cellulase Produced by Penicillium Expansum grown on Malus Domestica (Apple Fruits)

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
MR Adedayo ◽  
OV Ayilara
Keyword(s):  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Methyl Cellulose ◽  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Cellulolytic Activity ◽  
Assay Condition ◽  
Bacterial Contaminants ◽  
Fungal Cellulase ◽  
Apple Fruits

The rise in world industrialization and the cost of importing enzyme by local industries have led to arise in the search for novel and native enzyme producing microorganisms. Cellulase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breaking down of carbon chains in cellulose and hemicellulose, this research therefore aimed at studying fungal cellulase produced by Penicillium expansum grown on malus domestica (apple fruits). Fresh apple fruit was allowed to deteriorate under laboratory condition until there was visible mould growth. The mould with desired features of the organism of interest was subcultured by direct plating on PDA plates to which 10 % streptomycin has been added to prevent bacterial contaminants. The plates were incubated at 28±2 0C for 7 days until a visible mass of blue mycelia appear. The isolate was further subcultured onto freshly prepared media until pure culture was obtained. Characterization and identification of isolate were done using macroscopy and microscopy techniques. The isolate was re-inoculated into healthy apple fruits and the fruits were incubated at temperature of 28±2 oC for 8 days. Cellulolytic activity was examined every day throughout the incubation period. Crude enzyme was extracted each day using standard methods. Carboxyl methyl cellulose was used as standard for the crude cellulase activity assay after extraction from the infected apple fruits using Dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA). Culture parameters like pH and temperature were also optimized to determine their effect on cellulolytic activity of the fungus. Cellulase activity was defined as the amount of glucose produced in μmol/mg/min under the assay condition. The highest cellulase activity of 86.84±0.52 μmol/mg/min was observed on day 6 of incubation at 28±2 oC and at pH 7. In conclusion, it is evident from this research that P. expansum isolated could be used as potential novel organism for industrial production of cellulase under optimized fermentation conditions.

Relationships between food, phylogeny, and cellulose digestion in the Bivalvia

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 617-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil D. Crosby ◽  
Robert G. B. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Cellulose ◽  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Cellulolytic Activity ◽  
Cellulose Film ◽  
Cellulose Digestion ◽  
Cellulose Substrate ◽  
High Cellulose

The distribution of cellulase in the class Bivalvia is studied with respect to phylogenetic position, feeding category, and food. Cellulase activity in nine species is measured turbidimetrically using reprecipitated cellulase substrate, colorimetrically using methyl cellulose substrate, and histochemically with methyl cellulose film. Cellulolytic activity in these animals generally corresponds to the level of cellulose in the food. Those animals feeding on particles with a high cellulose content have high cellulase levels, while those organisms feeding on epiorganisms, diatoms, or phytoplankton with low cellulose content have low cellulase levels. The Gastrotriteia may have characteristically higher endogenous cellulase levels than the other major groups and certain genera may have characteristically low cellulase activity.

scholarly journals Analytical Methods for Extraction and Identification of Primary and Secondary Metabolites of Apple (Malus domestica) Fruits: A Review

Separations ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Maria Assunta Acquavia ◽  
Raffaella Pascale ◽  
Luca Foti ◽  
Giuseppe Carlucci ◽  
Laura Scrano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Fruit Juice ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Apple Variety ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Phytochemical Compounds ◽  
Apple Fruits

Apples represent a greater proportion of the worldwide fruit supply, due to their availability on the market and to the high number of existing cultivar varieties and apple-based products (fresh fruit, fruit juice, cider and crushed apples). Several studies on apple fruit metabolites are available, with most of them focusing on their healthy properties’ evaluation. In general, the metabolic profile of apple fruits strongly correlates with most of their peculiar characteristics, such as taste, flavor and color. At the same time, many bioactive molecules could be identified as markers of a specific apple variety. Therefore, a complete description of the analytical protocols commonly used for apple metabolites’ characterization and quantification could be useful for researchers involved in the identification of new phytochemical compounds from different apple varieties. This review describes the analytical methods published in the last ten years, in order to analyze the most important primary and secondary metabolites of Malus domestica fruits. In detail, this review gives an account of the spectrophotometric, chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods. A discussion on the quantitative and qualitative analytical shortcomings for the identification of sugars, fatty acids, polyphenols, organic acids, carotenoids and terpenes found in apple fruits is reported.

Induction of natural defense and protection against Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea in apple fruit in response to bioelicitors isolated from green algae

2015 ◽  
Vol 181 ◽  
pp. 121-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Abouraïcha ◽  
Z. El Alaoui-Talibi ◽  
R. El Boutachfaiti ◽  
E. Petit ◽  
B. Courtois ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Natural Defense

scholarly journals Identification of Fusarium Species Isolated From Stored Apple Fruit in Croatia / Identifikacija Vrsta Roda Fusarium Izoliranih S Plodova Jabuke Nakon Skladištenja

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 463-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zdravka Sever ◽  
Dario Ivić ◽  
Tomislav Kos ◽  
Tihomir Miličević
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Fusarium Avenaceum ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Fusarium Rot ◽  
Pathogenicity Tests ◽  
Apple Fruits

AbstractSeveral species of the genus Fusarium can cause apple fruit to rot while stored. Since Fusarium taxonomy is very complex and has constantly been revised and updated over the last years, the aim of this study was to identify Fusarium species from rotten apples, based on combined morphological characteristics and molecular data.We identified 32 Fusarium isolates from rotten apple fruit of cultivars Golden Delicious, Jonagold, Idared, and Pink Lady, stored in Ultra Low Oxygen (ULO) conditions. Fusarium rot was detected in 9.4 % to 33.2 % of naturally infected apples, depending on the cultivar. The symptoms were similar in all four cultivars: a soft circular brown necrosis of different extent, with or without visible sporulation. Fusarium species were identified by the morphology of cultures grown on potato-dextrose agar (PDA) and carnation leaf agar (CLA). Twenty one isolates were identified as Fusarium avenaceum and confirmed as such with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primer pair FA-ITSF and FA-ITSR. F. pseudograminearum,F. semitectum, F. crookwellense, and F. compactum were identified by morphological characteristics. F.avenaceum can produce several mycotoxins and its dominance in Fusarium rot points to the risk of mycotoxin contamination of apple fruit juices and other products for human consumption. Pathogenicity tests showed typical symptoms of Fusarium rot in most of the inoculated wounded apple fruits. In this respect Fusarium avenaceum, as the dominant cause of Fusarium rot in stored apple fruits is a typical wound parasite.

Triterpenes induced by young apple fruits in response to herbivore attack

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuto Ohata ◽  
Yuuki Tetsumoto ◽  
Sayo Morita ◽  
Naoki Mori ◽  
Yoichi Ishiguri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Spodoptera Litura ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Antifeedant Activity ◽  
Varietal Differences ◽  
Triterpene Acids ◽  
Lepidopteran Insect ◽  
Pest Insects ◽  
Herbivore Attack ◽  
Apple Fruits

Abstract Apples Malus domestica, known as a rich source of triterpene acids, induced more variety and quantity of triterpene acids in response to herbivory or mechanical damage. There were three major induced compounds: pomaceic acid and euscaphic acid, both of which are known apple triterpene acids, and 2α,19α-dihydroxy-3-oxours-12-en-28-oic acid (named eriobotoric acid), which was first identified in apples. In this study, the three compounds’ induction curves after damage, varietal differences in induction amounts, and physiological roles against pest insects were further investigated. Eriobotoric acid showed clear antifeedant activity against lepidopteran insect Spodoptera litura but not against apple pests.

Control of Penicillium Expansum and Botrytis Cinerea on Apple Fruit by Mixtures of Bacteria and Yeast

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 644-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Calvo ◽  
Viviana Calvente ◽  
María E. Orellano ◽  
Delia Benuzzi ◽  
Maria I. Sanz
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Penicillium Expansum

scholarly journals First Report of Black Soft Rot of Indian Gooseberry Caused by Syncephalastrum racemosum

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
pp. 575-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neelima Garg ◽  
Om Prakash ◽  
B. K. Pandey ◽  
B. P. Singh ◽  
G. Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Cellulolytic Activity ◽  
Academic Press ◽  
First Report ◽  
Syncephalastrum Racemosum ◽  
Indian Gooseberry ◽  
Pathogenicity Tests

Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) is a medicinal plant with high nutraceutical value. During November and December 2003, soft rot was noticed on harvested and stored (20 ± 5°C and 65 ± 5% relative humidity) fruits at the experimental farm in Rehmanhera, Lucknow, India (26°50′N, 80°54′E). These fruits had numerous, minute brown necrotic lesions showing white mycelial growth. A pronounced halo of water-soaked, faded tissue surrounded the lesion between the fringe of mycelium and healthy tissues. The rotted surface was covered with a black, powdery layer of spores. On Czapek yeast extract agar, fungal colonies were blackish grey, moderately dense, and covered the entire petri dish. The fungus produced aseptate mycelium. The sporangial heads were 30 to 50 μm in diameter with sporangiospores found linearly within cylindrical sacs (merosporangia) borne on spicules around the columella. Sporangiospores, spherical to cylindrical in shape and borne in chains, measured 3.0 to 5.0 μm long. The fungus was morphologically and physiologically identified as Syncephalastrum racemosum Schr. (2). For pathogenicity tests, healthy fruits (10 replicates) were surface sterilized and punctured inoculated aseptically with 1.0 × 106 conidia and incubated at 20 ± 5°C Typical symptoms of the disease appeared after 4 days. The fungus exhibited a strong level of cellulolytic activity as indicated by prolific growth on Indian gooseberry fiber waste under solid-state fermentation conditions. The level of cellulase activity (1) was 21 filter paper activity unit per ml at 72 hr in culture supernatant of basal medium having carboxymethyl cellulose as the carbon source. The fungus showed resistance to tannins (as much as 2%), since it could grow well in liquid growth medium (Czapek Dox broth) with 2% tannins and aonla juice with 1.8% tannins. Since Indian gooseberry is rich in fiber (2.5 to 3.4%) and tannins (1.5 to 2.0%), this may be an important pathogen. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of Syncephalastrum racemosum on Indian gooseberry fruits. References: (1) T. K. Ghose. Pure Appl. Chem. 59(2):257, 1987. (2) J. I. Pitt and A. D. Hocking. Fungi and Food Spoilage. Academic Press. North Ryde, Australia, 1985.

scholarly journals Latency- and Defense-Related Ultrastructural Characteristics of Apple Fruit Tissues Infected with Botryosphaeria dothidea

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ki Woo Kim ◽  
Eun Woo Park ◽  
Young Ho Kim ◽  
Kyung-Ku Ahn ◽  
Pan Gi Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Botryosphaeria Dothidea ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Thin Electron ◽  
Apple Fruits

Apple fruit tissues infected with Botryosphaeria dothidea were examined by transmission electron microscopy using susceptible cv. Fuji and resistant cv. Jonathan. Immature (green) and mature (red) fruits of cv. Fuji with restricted or expanding lesions were also examined to reveal subcellular characteristics related with latent and restricted disease development. In infected susceptible mature fruits, cytoplasmic degeneration and organelle disruption commonly occurred, accompanying cell wall dissolution around invading hyphae. Cell wall dissolution around invading hyphae in subepidermis was rare in immature, red halo-symptomed cv. Fuji and resistant cv. Jonathan fruits. In infected immature fruits of cv. Fuji, presumably at the latent state of disease development, cellular degeneration was less severe, and invading hyphae contained prominent microbody-lipid globule complexes or the deposition of thin electron-dense outer layer around cell wall of intercellular hyphae. Both mature fruits with red halos and resistant apple fruits formed cell wall protuberances at the outside of cell walls. In addition, electron-dense extramural layers were formed in the resistant apple fruits. Aberrant hyphal structures such as intrahyphal hyphae were found only in resistant fruit tissues, indicating the physiologically altered fungal growth. These ultrastructural changes of host tissues and fungal hyphae may reflect the pathogenesis of apple white rot under varying conditions of apple fruits.

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