Trafficking in persons: cluster analysis of sending and receiving countries

The objective of this article is to deepen the understanding of the problem of human trafficking by analyzing the patterns of the distribution of traffic across countries, based on international statistics on various socio-economic indicators. We conducted cluster analysis using neuro network grouping algorithm of Kohonen self-organizing maps, basing on 44 variables reflecting different social and economical aspects for 144 countries. Countries were grouped according to the type and level of risk of trafficking-related crimes, and traffic distribution maps were built based on generally accepted hypotheses about traffic factors. As a result of the study, a number of hypotheses explaining the nature of traffic were tested. The results reveal the linkage between the risk of incoming and outgoing trafficking and the socio-economic parameters of the countries and groups.

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Youth migration in Ukraine: regional dimension

Geology Geography Ecology ◽

10.26565/2410-7360-2021-54-18 ◽

2021 ◽

Keyword(s):

Cluster Analysis ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Regional Level ◽

Economic Indicators ◽

Regional Differentiation ◽

Migration Behavior ◽

Self Organizing Maps ◽

Youth Migration ◽

Migration Flows ◽

The Relationship

Purpose. This study aims to analyze the regional differentiation of youth migration flows and typify the regions of Ukraine according to the characteristics of the migratory behavior of the youth. Accordingly, the research questions are as follows: 1) what is the relationship between economic indicators (income, unemployment, investment) and youth migration at the regional level? 2) how do the regions of Ukraine differ in the scale, structure, and dynamics of youth migration flows? 3) what types of regions can be identified, and can they be considered to determine the young people’s intention to migrate? Research methods. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated to assess the relationship between youth migration and economic indicators at the regional level. To prevent skewed indicators distribution, the city of Kyiv was excluded from the analysis. In order to study the regional differentiation of youth migration, we used cluster analysis and constructed Kohonens self-organizing maps. Based on the analysis of spatial and temporal (from 2002 to 2019) trends, we also developed an empirical typification of the regions according to the migration behavior of young people. Main findings. The analysis of spatial differences in youth migration in urban and rural areas shows the diversity and complicated multidirectionality of migration flows. Youth migration has been found to be linked to unemployment and investment attractiveness at the regional level. The assumption that the migration of young people from rural areas is influenced not only by economic factors but also by the lack of prospects for tertiary education, jobs, and the ‘culture of migration’ has been confirmed. The analysis of the relationship between income and out-migration scale shows some signs of a inverse U-shape curve. In general, the results of the study confirmed that at the regional level, economic indicators (unemployment, investment, and income) affect youth migration in Ukraine, but their impact needs to be studied in the broader context of place-specific human capital and life-course transition. Based on the results of cluster analysis and construction of Kohonen self-organizing maps, five clusters of Ukraine’s regions by the similarity of youth migration were identified. The analysis of youth migrations in 2002-2019 allowed to identify six models of their dynamics (monotonically decreasing, abrupt dynamics with a tendency to decrease, abrupt dynamics without changes, abrupt dynamics with a tendency to increase, monotonically increasing, without changes). According to the combination of selected clusters of regions and models of youth migration dynamics, we empirically typified Ukraine’s regions into three groups that can be considered those that, to some extent, determine the young people’s intention to migrate. However, further research should be aimed at analyzing the individualization of migration behavior and liquid migration of Ukrainian youth. Scientific novelty and practical value. The main novelty of the study is its focus on the spatial dimension of youth migration in Ukraine, particularly identifying the features of regional differentiation of migration flows, factors, trends and regional problems associated with youth migration. The practical value of the obtained results lies in the possibility for certain types of regions to become ‘guidelines’ for the migration policy in the regions of Ukraine.

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PERSEFEKTIF IN HUMAN TRAFFICKING CRIME LAW NUMBER 39 OF 1999 ON HUMAN RIGHTS CASE AGAINST CHILD TRAFFICKING IN MEDAN

Ganesha Civic Education Journal ◽

10.23887/gancej.v2i1.95 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 46-51

Author(s):

Ida Monika Putu Ayu Dewi

Keyword(s):

Human Rights ◽

Human Trafficking ◽

Criminal Law ◽

Sexual Exploitation ◽

Trafficking In Persons ◽

The People ◽

Public Company ◽

Legal Sanctions ◽

Women And Children ◽

Human Rights Violation

Laws are the norms that govern all human actions that can be done and should not be carried out both written and unwritten and have sanctions, so that the entry into force of these rules can be forced or coercive and binding for all the people of Indonesia. The most obvious form of manifestation of legal sanctions appear in criminal law. In criminal law there are various forms of crimes and violations, one of the crimes listed in the criminal law, namely the crime of Human Trafficking is often perpetrated against women and children. Human Trafficking is any act of trafficking offenders that contains one or more acts, the recruitment, transportation between regions and countries, alienation, departure, reception. With the threat of the use of verbal and physical abuse, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of a position of vulnerability, example when a person has no other choice, isolated, drug dependence, forest traps, and others, giving or receiving of payments or benefits women and children used for the purpose of prostitution and sexual exploitation. These crimes often involving women and children into slavery. Trafficking in persons is a modern form of human slavery and is one of the worst forms of violation of human dignity (Public Company Act No. 21 of 2007, on the Eradication of Trafficking in Persons). Crime human trafficking crime has been agreed by the international community as a form of human rights violation.

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Using Global Migration Law to Prevent Human Trafficking

AJIL Unbound ◽

10.1017/aju.2017.40 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 111 ◽

pp. 147-152

Author(s):

Janie A. Chuang

Keyword(s):

Human Trafficking ◽

Migrant Workers ◽

Sex Trafficking ◽

Organised Crime ◽

Trafficking In Persons ◽

Labor Trafficking ◽

Global Migration ◽

Women And Children ◽

International Laws ◽

Migration Law

Our understanding of human trafficking has changed significantly since 2000, when the international community adopted the first modern antitrafficking treaty—the UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (Trafficking Protocol). Policy attention has expanded beyond a near-exclusive focus on sex trafficking to bring long-overdue attention to nonsexual labor trafficking. That attention has helped surface how the lack of international laws and institutions pertaining to labor migration can enable—if not encourage—the exploitation of migrant workers. Many migrant workers throughout the world labor under conditions that do not qualify as trafficking yet suffer significant rights violations for which access to protection and redress is limited. Failing to attend to these “lesser” abuses creates and sustains vulnerability to trafficking.

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Labour Exploitation in Human Trafficking Law

10.1017/9781839701559 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Amy Weatherburn

Keyword(s):

Human Trafficking ◽

Criminal Law ◽

Organized Crime ◽

Trafficking In Persons ◽

Transnational Organized Crime ◽

Labour Exploitation ◽

Women And Children ◽

United Nations Convention ◽

Definition Of ◽

Agreed Definition

The 2000 Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime provides the first internationally agreed definition of the human trafficking. However, in failings to clarify the exact scope and meaning of exploitation, it has created an ambiguity as to what constitutes exploitation of labour in criminal law. <br>The international definition's preference for an enumerative approach has been replicated in most regional and domestic legal instruments, making it difficult to draw the line between exploitation in terms of violations of labour rights and extreme forms of exploitation such as those listed in the Protocol. <br><br>This book addresses this legal gap by seeking to conceptualise labour exploitation in criminal law.

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Government Institution Collaboration In Efforts To Handling Criminal Acts Of Human Trafficking In Indonesia Case Study: Literature Study For The Area Of East Nusa Tenggara Province

Journal of Law and Border Protection ◽

10.52617/jlbp.v1i2.178 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 127-138

Author(s):

Tunggal Bayu Laksono ◽

Maidah Purwanti

Keyword(s):

Human Trafficking ◽

Organized Crime ◽

Research Method ◽

Provincial Government ◽

Trafficking In Persons ◽

Literature Study ◽

State Institutions ◽

Descriptive Research ◽

Government Institution

Trafficking in persons is a criminal act of organized crime that occurs internationally. Indonesia, as one of the countries with the fourth largest population, has experienced this crime. One of the provinces that is the center of this biggest crime is East Nusa Tenggara. In this case, the Indonesian government through existing state institutions coordinates to eliminate the crime of trafficking in persons. Immigration as one of the agencies that deals with immigration traffic problems plays a major role in efforts to deal with the Crime of Trafficking in Persons. Coordination between one party and another is carried out by the provincial government of East Nusa Tenggara. However, improving coordination is a key point of success in handling the Crime of Trafficking in Persons. This research was conducted by conducting a literature case study which aims to find out more about the crime in question. This writing is done with a descriptive research method by describing the research results in a case study literature from various literatures used by the author.

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Was Trafficking in Persons Really Criminalised?

Anti-Trafficking Review ◽

10.14197/100 ◽

1969 ◽

Author(s):

Kristiina Kangaspunta

Keyword(s):

Criminal Justice ◽

United Nations ◽

Human Trafficking ◽

Criminal Group ◽

Trafficking In Persons ◽

Criminal Charges ◽

Women And Children ◽

The United Nations ◽

Criminal Justice Response

This paper examines the successes and setbacks in the criminal justice response to trafficking in persons. While today, the majority of countries have passed specific legislation criminalising human trafficking in response to the United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, there are still very few convictions of trafficking. Using currently available knowledge, this paper discusses four possible reasons for low conviction rates. Further, the paper suggests that due to the heavy dependency on victim testimonies when prosecuting trafficking in persons crimes, members of criminal organisations that are easily identifiable by victims may face criminal charges more frequently than other members of the criminal group, particularly those in positions of greater responsibility who profit the most from the criminal activities. In this context, the exceptionally high number of women among convicted offenders is explored.

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RESPONSIBILITY FOR TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS UNDER RUSSIAN CRIMINAL LAW: ISSUES OF LEGISLATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND LAW

RUDN JOURNAL OF LAW ◽

10.22363/2313-2337-2020-24-4-1078-1099 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 1078-1099

Author(s):

Nina Yu. Skripchenko

Keyword(s):

Human Trafficking ◽

Criminal Law ◽

Criminal Code ◽

Social Consequences ◽

Trafficking In Persons ◽

Illegal Migration ◽

Scientific Analysis ◽

Analysis And Synthesis ◽

General Scientific ◽

Definition Of

Today, no state in the world can say with confidence that it does not face the problem of human trafficking as it does not depend on the geopolitical position of the country, nor on the socio-economic situation. The negative social consequences of the transformations in Russia at the end of the last century determined not only its transit destination during the illegal migration of labor, but also the role of the sender and recipient of human commodity (mainly women and children) intended for exploitation (i.e. including sexual), surrogacy, removal of organs and tissues. Trying to adhere to the international definition of human trafficking as much as possible and drawing on the existing experience of regulation, the Russian legislator enshrined the norm in the Criminal Code (Article 1271) containing editorial flaws that impeded its implementation. The purpose of the study is to formulate proposals to address the deficiencies identified during the study of the legislative definition of trafficking in persons, which cause difficulties in enforcement. The methodological basis is constituted by general scientific (analysis and synthesis, dialectics) and private scientific research methods (system-structural, formal-legal, logical, linguistic). The paper notes the terminological difficulties associated with the inclusion of Convention norms in the system of Russian law. Noting the need to establish enhanced guarantees of child safety, the author does not see the need for independent criminalization of trafficking in minors. By identifying technical and legal shortcomings in the definition of human trafficking and human exploitation, the author suggests ways to solve them by reforming the criminal law and judicial interpretation at the level of the Plenary Session of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation.

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