Electronic signatures: where to next?

2022 ◽  
Vol 2022 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-91
Author(s):  
Lee Swales

Die afgelope paar jaar het die samelewing toenemend staatgemaak op moderne tegnologie – veral sedert Covid-19 en die reeks beperkinge ingevolge die Wet op Rampbestuur 57 van 2002. Daar word selfs na data verwys as die wêreld se nuwe vorm van olie. In die lig van hierdie paradigmaskuif, word daar al hoe meer gebruik gemaak van elektroniese handtekeninge. Die hoogste hof van appèl het onlangs, by twee gelenthede, elektroniese handtekeninge en die toepaslike wetlike raamwerk oorweeg: eerstens in November 2014 in Spring Forest Trading CC v Wilberry (Pty) Ltd t/a Ecowash en tweedens in Maart 2020 in Global & Local Investments Advisors (Pty) Ltd v Fouche. Ongelukkig het die jongste uitspraak gelei tot ’n mate van onsekerheid oor die manier waarop die regsraamwerk geïnterpreteer moet word. Op die oog af blyk die Global & Local-saak teenstrydig te wees met die Spring Forest-saak en artikel 13 van die Wet op Elektroniese Kommunikasie en Transaksies 25 van 2002. Die oogmerk van die outeur met hierdie artikel is om die toepaslike wetlike raamwerk met betrekking tot elektroniese handtekeninge te evalueer en krities kommentaar te lewer op die bevindings wat in die Spring Forest– en Global & Local-sake gemaak is, met die doel om voorstelle te maak oor: i) die wyse waarop hierdie twee uitsprake van die hoogste hof van appèl geïnterpreteer moet word, in die lig van die wet en ander relevante regspraak en ii) die pad vorentoe vir toekomstige regsgedinge. Na die beslissing in die Spring Forest-saak, is algemeen aanvaar dat waar ’n kommersiële ooreenkoms gebruik maak van die begrippe “skrif” en “handtekening”, databoodskappe aan hierdie vereistes kan voldoen, as daar aan die spesifieke vereistes in die wet voldoen word. Hierdie bevinding was sinvol en het rekening gehou met moderne ontwikkelinge. Na die uitspraak in die Global & Local-saak bestaan daar egter twyfel of ’n “handtekening” uitgevoer kan word deur ’n elektroniese handtekening via databoodskap te gebruik. Die jongste uitspraak dui daarop dat as partye elektronies ’n ooreenkoms wil onderteken, ’n elektroniese “handtekening” (spesifiek met die uitsluiting van die woord elektronies) uitdruklik in die ooreenkoms vermeld moet wees: met ander woorde, hierdie uitspraak vereis dat partye vooraf ooreenkom dat ’n elektroniese ooreenkoms toelaatbaar is, en dit veroorsaak twyfel of die begrip “handtekening” ’n elektroniese handtekening insluit. Hierdie artikel voer aan dat die Global & Local-saak regsekerheid ondermyn. Wat word benodig om vorentoe te beweeg? Eerstens, duidelikheid of die begrip “handtekening” ’n elektroniese handtekening insluit. Tweedens, ’n bevestiging dat ’n elektroniese handtekening, soos dit tans verwoord is, nie gebruik kan word om ’n ooreenkoms vir die verkoop van vaste eiendom, ingevolge Wet 25 van 2002, aan te gaan nie. Twyfel is geskep in die onlangse beslissing in Borcherds v Duxbury 2021 1 SA 410 (OKP). Derdens, bevestiging van ’n hooggeregshof oor watter faktore in ag geneem moet word by die bepaling of ’n elektroniese handtekening betroubaar is. In die vierde plek, en hierdie punt is aanvegbaar, kan dit met die oog op moderne ontwikkelinge die moeite werd wees om weer te kyk of die wet gewysig moet word, vir die gebruik van elektroniese handtekeninge in ooreenkomste vir die verkoop van vaste eiendom.

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristian Fernando Cedeño Sarmiento ◽  
Alex Gregorio Mendoza Arteaga ◽  
Gregorio Isoldo Mendoza Cedeño ◽  
Enrique Javier Macías Arias

En el presente artículo se realiza un análisis de la usabilidad del Documento Nacional de Identidad electrónico en países desarrollados y su futura implementación en el Ecuador, la necesidad de tener un documento de identificación electrónico legal que permita validar la identidad de los ciudadanos al momento de acceder a los servicios electrónicos públicos y privados. Se analizan conceptos referentes a la firma electrónica, las entidades que intervienen en el proceso, los mecanismos de encriptación de un mensaje, hasta culminar con la implementación de dicha firma electrónica. Finalmente, se hace una reflexión sobre la implementación de un nuevo documento de identidad en el Ecuador el cual debería contener las características necesarias acorde a las nuevas tecnologías existentes, los estándares internacionales y sus posibles usos en los servicios informáticos disponibles en el país.  Palabras clave: Encriptación, tecnologías, servicios informáticos, identificación electrónica   Applications of electronic signatures using digital certificates: The National Electronic Identity in Ecuador   Aplicaciones electrónicas en Ecuador    Abstract  In the present article itself performs an analysis of the usability of the National Electronic Identity Document in developed countries and its future implementation in Ecuador, the need for a legal electronic identification document to validate the identity of citizens at time by accessing the electronic government and corporate services. Discusses concepts related to electronic signatures, the entities involved in the process, the mechanisms for the encryption a message, culminating with the implementation of electronic signatures. Finally, a reflection on the implementation of a new identity in Ecuador that should contain the necessary characteristics according to the new existing technologies, international standards and their possible uses and computer services available in the country. Keywords: Encriptación, tecnologías, servicios informáticos, identificación electrónica


2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 146
Author(s):  
Leila Ghashghaei ◽  
Ali Ravanan

Legal implications in various fields of e-commerce transactions are described by means of e-commerce from one of the parties and through the transaction implemented by Internet. Online contracts are a manifestation of true innovation in the field of traditional legal agreements. The main issue of concern is the lack of tools has traditionally been used to express the will of the contract.The lack of legal grounds to use in e-commerce, such as: Expert of judges, the admissibility of electronic documents, electronic signatures, the principle of good faith, law of consumer protection, commercial and competition law and how to compensate both material and spiritual is the most important challenge of the country's legislative system. The most important distinction between the Iranian and French law is on the implementation of its damage compensation that in French law is detailed discussions covering the damages due to breach of contract litigation is not compensable.But the other hand, moral damages, such as mental anxiety, loss of credibility and like that is compensable, while this is not done in Iran. Experience of law between Iran and France showed a weak pattern in consumer protection in e-commerce contracts. In this cross-sectional study to evaluate the role of trade in remote transactions and its effect on Iran and France in damage compensation from the legal perspective.


Electronic signatures as a method of identification and safety of electronic records are dictated by the Information Technology Act 2000. Electronic signature is an electronic token that connects the company to the data record. It is intended to validate and authenticate electronic documents. Validation relates to the accreditation method of the content of the paper, and authorization relates to the accreditation method for the transmitter.. Registration method is performed using publicsignal encryption; the signatory utilizes its private key to produce a digital paper record. The purpose of the paper is to guarantee that its actual information remains untouched. Its diverse nature has facilitated the production, storage, distribution and recovery of information by a simple, quicker, precise and comfortable method without contemporary text-based rules and regulations. This has resulted the universe to go internet, leading in turn to greater technological reliance, to boost the use of mobile technology in everyday lives. Progressively company operations in cyber space are held out, including interaction, formal information and commercial activities. The situation from document to digital job has been transformed. The supply for an operating digital structure for signatures for both private as well as government sectors has increased quickly in recent years. This research examined the world normal digital signature systems in order to ensure optimal safety for electronic systems and examined its likely implementations in different fields. The writers have studied them thoroughly. The research is focused on the prospective of information technology and the total data on digital sign.


2002 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-180
Author(s):  
Stephen Mason

2021 ◽  
Vol 311 ◽  
pp. 46-56
Author(s):  
Anna Przewor ◽  
◽  
Łukasz Kocielnik ◽  

Analyses of electronic biometric signatures constitute an innovation in forensics. The aim of the study described in this article was to determine whether it is possible to categorically confirm or exclude both the authenticity and the execution of handwritten biometric electronic signatures. Several-year-long research on various types of electronic signatures has made it possible to formulate categorical conclusions in this area. The article defines and determines the terminological scope of the biometric electronic signature concept within the widely understood electronic signatures. The analyses of biometric signatures were based on the graphical-comparative method commonly used in the traditional model of handwriting analysis. The only modification consisted in replacing the set of motoric features with biometric features, which turned out to be necessary for a categorical opinion on this matter. Study results described in the text allow for quantitative examination within analysis of manuscripts thus enabling issuing a categorical opinion. The biometric features of handwriting identified entirely by means of digital data ought to contribute to the elimination of any bias that might exist on the part of an expert.


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