Effects of eco-environmental damage compensation system with multi-stakeholder engagements: a DSGE perspective from China

We present and estimate a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model for an eco-environmental damage compensation system (EDCS) with multi-stakeholder engagements. Then we explore the dynamic effect under different shocks such as household and government supervision, environmental damage compensation ratio, pollution emission threshold, and pollution control efforts. The household and government supervision show the positive effect of environmental regulation on conserving energy, abating emission, reducing damage compensation, and increasing economic output. The environmental damage compensation ratio can also contribute to energy conservation and emission reduction, but there are no significant regulation effects of pollutant emission and damage compensation. The pollutant emission threshold and the pollution control efforts have significant environmental regulation effects, but the latter does not significantly restrain high energy consumption. All the shocks mentioned above can effectively improve the green development level.

Terras arrasadas, cenários distópicos: Violência e resistência nos desastres-crimes da mineração no Brasil

Os rompimentos das barragens nas bacias do Rio Doce e do Rio Paraopeba, respectivamente em novem­bro de 2015 e janeiro de 2019, para além das 300 mortes resultantes diretamente das duas catástrofes e da assustadora destruição ecológica por elas produzida, desencadearam a produção de um tecido de re­lações jurídico-econômicas de magnitude colossal orbitando em torno do processo de reparação. Para os argumentos apresentados neste artigo, recorre-se a dois instrumentos de análise: a aproximação meta­fórica às características das expressões artísticas distópicas e ao correlato efeito de estranhamento pro­vocado ao público, buscando a partir deles desenvolver argumentos e análises com o objetivo de desna­turalizar processos e práticas jurídicas e econômicas observadas neste contexto. Da mesma forma, bus­camos entender a relação de forças assimétricas dos atores envolvidos, atendo-nos contrastivamente às estratégias corporativas e às situações de resistência, mobilização e engajamento popular no contexto conflitual da luta por reparação integral. Discutimos de que modo as empresas violadoras constituem estratégias de poder que pressionam a desconstituição de saberes e práticas populares nos territórios atingidos e apresentamos a crítica ao uso da forma da violação do direito, oculta nas práticas de planeja­mento destas empresas. Por fim, são analisadas algumas das possibilidades de organização popular no contexto de uma reparação integral, balizadora das lutas mobilizadas contra a naturalização e a legitima­ção, da distópica violência dos desastres-crimes da mineração no Brasil. Palavras-chave: mineração; desastres-crimes; neoextrativismo; atingidos por barragens; reparação de danos. Abstract The dams bursts in the Doce River and Paraopeba River basins, respectively in November 2015 and January 2019, in addition to the 300 deaths resulting directly from the two catastrophes and the overwhelming ecological destruction they produced, triggered the production of a fabric of legal-economic relations of colossal magnitude orbiting around the reparation process. For the arguments presented in this article, two analysis arguments are used: the metaphorical convergence to the characteristics of dystopian artistic expressions, and the correlated effect of estrangement evoked, seeking to develop further arguments and analyses with the purpose of deconstruct established legal and economic processes and practices observed in this context. Similarly, we seek to understand the asymmetrical power relations of the actors involved, contrasting corporate strategies with situations of resistance, mobilization, and popular engagement in the conflictual context of the struggle for full reparation. We discuss how the violating companies constitute strategies of power that pressure for the deconstitution of popular knowledge and practices in the affected territories, and we present a critique of the use of rights violation hidden in the planning practices of these companies. Finally, some of the possibilities of popular organization in the context of full damage compensation are reviewed, underpinning the struggles mobilized against naturalization and legitimation, of the dystopian violence of the mining disasters-crimes in Brazil. Keywords: mining; disasters crimes; neoextractivism; affected by dams; damage repair. Tierras devastadas, escenarios distópicos: Violencia y resistencia en desastres-crímenes mineros en Brasil Resumen Las fallas de las represas en las cuencas de Río Doce y Río Paraopeba, respectivamente, en noviembre de 2015 y enero de 2019, además de las 300 muertes directamente resultantes de las dos catástrofes y la espantosa destrucción ecológica provocada por ellas, desencadenaron la producción de un tejido de re­laciones jurídico-económicas de colosal magnitud en torno al proceso de reparación. Para los argumentos presentados en este artículo, recurrimos a dos instrumentos de análisis: la aproximación metafórica a las características de las expresiones artísticas distópicas y el relacionado efecto de extrañamiento provo­cado en el público, buscando desarrollar argumentos y análisis con el objetivo de desnaturalizar procesos y practicas jurídicas y económicas observadas en este contexto. Asimismo, buscamos comprender la re­lación de fuerzas asimétricas de los actores involucrados, enfocándonos en estrategias corporativas y situaciones de resistencia, movilización y compromiso popular en el contexto conflictivo de la lucha por la reparación integral. Discutimos cómo las empresas violadoras constituyen estrategias de poder que presionan la desconstitución de saberes y prácticas populares en los territorios afectados y presentamos la crítica al uso de la forma de violación del derecho, escondida en las prácticas de planificación de estas empresas. Finalmente, se analizan algunas de las posibilidades de organización popular en el contexto de la reparación integral, que sustenta las luchas movilizadas contra la naturalización y legitimación, de la violencia distópica de los desastres-crímenes mineros en Brasil. Palabras-clave: minería; desastres-crímenes; neoextractivismo; afectados por represas; reparación de da­ños.

Some legal issues on compensation for environmental damage under Vietnamese law and the law of the European Union

In recent years, the law on environmental damage compensation has been a burning issue in many countries around the world, especially in developing nations where the dilemma concerns the balance between economic development and environmental protection. The issue of liability for environmental damage can be considered from many perspectives, and the focus of this study will be civil liability compensation. Learning and studying the regulations of developed countries like the European Union plays an important role in the development and improvement of environmental laws in general and the law on environmental compensation in particular for Vietnam. In this article, the authors provide insights on some legal provisions on compensation for environmental damage based on comparison with the laws of the European Union to determine how to develop legal regulations in the field of environmental damage compensation. This creates a foundation that contributes to the introduction of solutions to improve the efficiency of the law on environmental damage compensation in Vietnam.

Legal Disputes under Time Charter in Connection with the Stranding of the MV Ever Given

The MV Ever Given’s stranding in the Suez Canal in March 2021 prompted renewed awareness of the heightened risk of marine accidents in narrow channels as global shipping companies continuously expand vessel sizes. However, there has been limited consideration of ways to improve accident response, and little analysis of future-oriented liabilities and damage compensation schemes for similar maritime accidents. First, key issues related to the Suez Canal stranding accident were analyzed based on web crawling using the R studio program (Version: R-4.0.5) to extract text data from unstructured format text (HTML tags). We designed the research questions to address the key issues/disputes, such as definitions of legal terms related to the Ever Given’s stranding accident and the declaration of a general average (G/A), liability for maintaining seaworthiness, source of command authority over the captain, and liability for compensation for delay in delivery. Then, the liability of stakeholders was legally interpreted through causal inductive reasoning based on relevant legal theories and precedents. To help secure safe and sustainable shipping routes, this study demystifies the problems resulting from the side effects of the trend of ultra-large vessels based on technology bias, and will contribute to responses to similar accidents in the future.

Damage compensation for innocent defendants and Convicts in Iran and the Canadian legal system

In the field of innocent defendants and convicts' damage compensation who have endured further losses due to issue criminal supply contracts or orders execution, their innocence has been cleared by issuing acquittance sentences. It counted as one of the most challenging issues in private and criminal law. In these recent years, based on positive changes in the rules of Iran, a lot of works done for innocent defendants and convicts' damage compensation have endured different and unfair punishments. But no integration or constructive work has been done for guiltless convicts' damage compensation who have endured some parts or all their punishments, and their innocence has been proved but not predicted. The reverse of this matter is true in the Canadian law system. Only a guilty convict who has tolerated some or all parts of unfair punishment deserves to receive damage compensation. This study attempted to research the subject's international binding rules, and many practical strategies for guiltless convicts' damage compensation will be considered in both systems by a comparative study.

Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Method of Ecological Environment Damage Compensation System and Management Based on Improved Association Rule Algorithm

In recent years, there have been frequent cases of damage to the ecological environment, and the public interests of members of society have been repeatedly violated. The safety of the ecological environment is worrying. This paper uses the association rule algorithm and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to improve the management of the ecological environment damage compensation system. This article has deeply studied the role of association rules in data mining and practically improved them and applied them to the management of the compensation system for environmental damage. This article also constructed a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model, following the principles of innovation, responsibility, judicial, and openness, clarified the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and evaluation process, established a set of comments on the evaluation object, determined the membership function, and constructed the damage factor and multiple index factors such as compensation factor and damage object. Based on the use of the improved correlation algorithm, the accuracy and complexity of the model have been improved, reaching 85.47 and 76.32 points, respectively. It is hoped that the research in this article can contribute a little to accelerating the establishment of my country’s ecological environment damage compensation system, safeguarding the interests of the ecological environment, and protecting the ecological environment.

Regional Environmental Supervision And Corporate Environmental Investment: From The Perspective of Ecological Damage Compensation

Based on the “Pilot Reform of the Compensation System for Ecological and Environmental Damage” launched in 2015 and a research sample of listed companies in China's heavy pollution industry from 2014 to 2017, this paper uses a difference-in-differences model to empirically test the impact of the compensation system on corporate environmental investment, as well as the moderating effect of market degree and firm ownership. The result shows that the implementation of the compensation system has significantly promoted corporate environmental investment, and the market degree has a moderating effect, but the supervision effect remains the same due to firm ownership. Local government’s strict environmental supervision on local enterprises is the important channel to ensure the function of ecological damage compensation system. This research provides a reference for the national government to formulate specific and effective environmental policies, stimulate the environmental governance motivation of local governments, and encourage enterprises to assume environmental responsibilities, to achieve green and sustainable development.

Paying for the Past: The Importance of Fulfilling Promises as a Key Component to Resolving Human–Wildlife Conflict

Damage-causing animals (DCAs) originating from protected areas which inflict damage on persons and property are particularly contentious when promises to satisfactorily address such conflicts, either by protected areas or other management institutions, are left unfulfilled. Human–wildlife conflicts (HWCs) of this nature can erode trust and if not adequately resolved, assure the maintenance of tense relationships between parks and neighboring communities. This paper, based on archival research, interviews and community focus groups, examines management responses to the long history of DCAs exiting the Kruger National Park (KNP), South Africa. First, I document historical promises of compensation and the subsequent responses by conservation agencies to local communities to address these past injustices. Recent strategies to the DCA problem at KNP have been multi-faceted and include a wildlife damage compensation scheme initiated in 2014 which entails financial retribution given to affected farmers who have lost, and continue to lose, livestock to DCAs originating from the park from 2008 to date. I then present livestock farmers’ recent perceptions of DCAs, the compensation scheme itself, and proposed avenues for going forward. Despite continuing challenges in the process, I demonstrate that fulfilling promises is a key step to building relational trust and legitimacy and must be considered in similar contexts where protected areas and other conservation agencies are key actors in managing HWC.