scholarly journals INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTS OF PROCESS PARAMETERS ON THE FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF 3D PRINTED PLASTICS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolai Beharry ◽  
Boppana Chowdary
Keyword(s):  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Polyethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Current State ◽  
Raster Angle ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Recycled Plastics

In this paper, the flexural strength of 90% Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate (RPET), Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol (PETG) and Polycarbonate (PC), are investigated with varying layer thickness, infill percentage and raster angle. Across each material, higher infill percentage resulted in higher flexural strength when loaded, whereas raster angle was the least significant. Using a Genetic Algorithm, the maximum flexural strength of each material was determined to be 48.57 MPa for RPET, 44.22 MPa for PETG and 101.54 MPa for the PC samples. Using these results, practical applications in local industries were investigated. The relatively high flexural strength of the RPET indicates great progress in material science towards creating a strong and sustainable 3D Printing filament. However, a cost-benefit analysis performed on the existing market value indicated that in its current state, the price per strength of RPET is heavily outmatched by PETG as a cheaper option and PC as a stronger option. If the process of creating filament from recycled plastics is refined, RPET filament will become cheaper and more desirable for manufacturing. This can lead to diversifying the local economy as a competitive and eco-friendly option to satisfy consumer needs.

Economic Evaluation of New Drugs

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart O. Schweitzer ◽  
Z. John Lu
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cost Utility ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Utility Analysis ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Uk

As a result of new cost-containment incentives found in both public and private healthcare plans, providers and insurers are subjecting new healthcare services, and especially pharmaceuticals, to evaluations in which costs and benefits are explicitly compared. Collectively, this body of work is referred to as health technology assessment. This chapter discusses in detail the three methodologies most frequently utilized in HTA: cost-benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, and cost-utility analysis. The appropriate roles for each of these approaches and examples of their applications in several influential HTA organizations around the world are elaborated, including the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence in the UK, the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee in Australia, and the Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. The history and current state of HTA in the United States is also examined in the chapter.

Value of Information and Hypothesis Testing Approaches for Sample Size Determination in Engineering Component Inspection: A Comparison

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eishiro Higo ◽  
Mahesh D. Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Value Of Information ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Sample Size Determination ◽  
Size Determination ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Current State ◽  
Optimal Sample

A sample size determination method is developed for a two-action problem that represents a component maintenance scenario requiring current state estimation. For safety and generation efficiency, each component of a nuclear power plant must be regularly inspected. In terms of safety, the larger the sample size inspected, the less the uncertainty about current and future states of the components; however, such inspections are expensive. Thus, sample size determination becomes an important problem. A key idea for solving this problem is the Value of Information (VoI) and its derivation: the Expected Net Gain of Sampling (ENGS). The ENGS is a function of sample size and represents by how much a decision maker benefits from the observed data. By maximizing the ENGS, the optimal sample size is determined in terms of cost-benefit analysis.

scholarly journals De-Risking Wood-Based Bioenergy Development in Remote and Indigenous Communities in Canada

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2603
Author(s):  
Jennifer Buss ◽  
Nicolas Mansuy ◽  
Sebnem Madrali
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Local Knowledge ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Environmental Risks ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Positive Externalities ◽  
Bioenergy Systems

Remote and Indigenous communities in Canada have a unique opportunity to mobilize the vast amount of wood-based biomass to meet their energy needs, while supporting a local economy, and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study realized in collaboration with five remote and Indigenous communities across Canada investigates the main barriers and potential solutions to developing stable and sustainable wood-based bioenergy systems. Our results highlight that despite the differences in available biomass and geographical context, these communities face common policy, economic, operational, cultural, social, and environmental risks and barriers to developing bioenergy. The communities identified and ranked the biggest barriers as follows; the high initial investment of bioenergy projects, the logistical and operational challenges of developing a sustainable wood supply chain in remote locations, and the limited opportunities for community leadership of bioenergy projects. Environmental risks have been ranked as the least important by all the communities, except for the communities in Manitoba, which ranked it as the second most important risk. However, all the communities agreed that climate change is the main environmental driver disturbing the wood-based bioenergy supply chain. To de-risk the wood-based bioenergy system, we suggest that stable and sustainable supply chains can be implemented by restoring community-based resources management supported by local knowledge and workforce. Using local knowledge can also help reduce the impacts caused by biomass harvesting on the ecosystem and avoid competition with traditional land uses. Including positive externalities to cost benefit analysis, when comparing bioenergy systems to existing energy installation, will likely make bioenergy projects more attractive for the community financially. Alternatively, supporting co-learning between partners and among communities can improve knowledge and innovation sharing.

Benchmarking Diagnostic Algorithms

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lokesh Kumar Sambasivan ◽  
Joydeb Mukherjee ◽  
Dinkar Mylaraswamy
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Diagnostic Algorithm ◽  
Difficult Problem ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Diagnostic Algorithms ◽  
Readiness Level ◽  
Vowel Recognition ◽  
Engineering Cost

The problem of fault diagnosis has gained considerable significance in a cost conscious aerospace industry. This has resulted in the development of novel methods as well as novel approaches. Following a cost benefit analysis, wherein a diagnostic algorithm has to buy its way on an aircraft, the practitioner is faced with the difficult problem of choosing the best algorithm from among many candidates. Despite the appeal of multiple algorithm solutions, practical applications are limited by engineering resources—the practitioner is forced to pick few among many. Specifically, this paper addresses this important engineering decision making step. Our approach to evaluating diagnostic algorithms is based on two key elements—non recurring engineering cost and recurring engineering cost. Corresponding to each of these criterions, we define metrics. Since development data is a major cost element, non recurring engineering cost is derived using a metric that measures how well an algorithm has used this data. Recurring cost is measured with respect to the algorithm’s robustness and hence the cost associated with sustaining it. Further, we outline procedures for calculating these metrics, making minimal assumptions regarding algorithm internals; allowing the practitioner to evaluate both in-house as well as third party algorithms. The utility of this benchmarking procedure is illustrated using two sets of examples. One of them is a standard vowel recognition problem, while the second one is related to gas turbine diagnosis. For each of these problems, we evaluate a series of candidate algorithms and illustrate the utility of the proposed approach to filter out weak ones. Concluding sections discuss the use of these procedures for exiting technical feasibility and entering engineering feasibility on the technology readiness level (TRL).

The Use of Cost-Benefit Analysis for Evaluating Efficiency of Public Investment Projects (The Case of Sochi-2014 Winter Olympic Games)

2011 ◽  
pp. 57-78
Author(s):  
I. Pilipenko
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Public Investment ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Investment Efficiency ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Step Method ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
The Usa

The paper analyzes shortcomings of economic impact studies based mainly on input- output models that are often employed in Russia as well as abroad. Using studies about sport events in the USA and Olympic Games that took place during the last 30 years we reveal advantages of the cost-benefit analysis approach in obtaining unbiased assessments of public investments efficiency; the step-by-step method of cost-benefit analysis is presented in the paper as well. We employ the project of Sochi-2014 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games in Russia to evaluate its efficiency using cost-benefit analysis for five accounts (areas of impact), namely government, households, environment, economic development, and social development, and calculate the net present value of the project taking into account its possible alternatives. In conclusion we suggest several policy directions that would enhance public investment efficiency within the Sochi-2014 Olympics.

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