The Effect of Dietary Products with Estrogenic Properties on Breast Cancer for Women Over 50

My test question is to what extent do dietary products with estrogenic properties affect the development of breast cancer in women over the age of 50 in the United States? Therefore, from this research question, my hypothesis is that breast cancer risk and diets that increase estrogen levels are correlated strongly with one another for women over age 50. I utilized correlational research to analyze if foods that women eat on a daily basis correlate with their levels of estradiol in one data set and thus analyze if these increased estradiol levels affect breast cancer risk. In order to do this, I looked at pre-existing data from a variety of medical journals. Results show that as estrogen dietary pattern score increased, breast cancer risk increased. Also, a western diet (red meat, high estrogenic diets) can increase breast cancer risk significantly and that a prudent diet (vegetables, fruits) does not affect the risk. During this research study, the most important limitation is that only studies from published medical journals were used. Some studies were not published online meaning the results remained private. Overall, my results of this study suggested that breast cancer risk and diets that increase estrogen levels are in fact correlated strongly with one another for women over age 50. The results of this study inspire further inquiry into medical applications of diets with estrogenic properties. Additionally, more studies can show how other hormones are correlated with breast cancer risk, and if so which kind of foods.

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Addressing Barriers to Uptake of Breast Cancer Chemoprevention for Patients and Providers

American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book ◽

10.14694/edbook_am.2015.35.e50 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. e50-e58 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Katherine D. Crew

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Primary Prevention ◽

High Risk ◽

Breast Cancer Risk ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Cancer Chemoprevention ◽

The United States ◽

Cancer Risk Assessment ◽

Breast Cancer Risk Assessment ◽

Breast Cancer Chemoprevention

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women in the United States, and the primary prevention of this disease is a major public health issue. Because there are relatively few modifiable breast cancer risk factors, pharmacologic interventions with antiestrogens have the potential to significantly affect the primary prevention setting. Breast cancer chemoprevention with selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) tamoxifen and raloxifene, and with aromatase inhibitors (AIs) exemestane and anastrozole, is underutilized despite several randomized controlled trials demonstrating up to a 50% to 65% relative risk reduction in breast cancer incidence among women at high risk. An estimated 10 million women in the United States meet high-risk criteria for breast cancer and are potentially eligible for chemoprevention, but less than 5% of women at high risk who are offered antiestrogens for primary prevention agree to take it. Reasons for low chemoprevention uptake include lack of routine breast cancer risk assessment in primary care, inadequate time for counseling, insufficient knowledge about antiestrogens among patients and providers, and concerns about side effects. Interventions designed to increase chemoprevention uptake, such as decision aids and incorporating breast cancer risk assessment into clinical practice, have met with limited success. Clinicians can help women make informed decisions about chemoprevention by effectively communicating breast cancer risk and enhancing knowledge about the risks and benefits of antiestrogens. Widespread adoption of chemoprevention will require a major paradigm shift in clinical practice for primary care providers (PCPs). However, enhancing uptake and adherence to breast cancer chemoprevention holds promise for reducing the public health burden of this disease.

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Cabbage and Sauerkraut Consumption in Adolescence and Adulthood and Breast Cancer Risk among US-Resident Polish Migrant Women

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph182010795 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (20) ◽

pp. 10795

Author(s):

Dorothy Rybaczyk Pathak ◽

Aryeh D. Stein ◽

Jian-Ping He ◽

Mary M. Noel ◽

Larry Hembroff ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Breast Cancer Risk ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Vegetable Intake ◽

Conditional Logistic Regression ◽

The United States ◽

Population Based ◽

Cook County ◽

Migrant Women ◽

Incidence And Mortality

Background: Breast cancer (BC) incidence and mortality are lower in Poland than in the United States (US). However, Polish-born migrant women to US approach the higher BC mortality rates of US women. We evaluated the association between consumption of cabbage/sauerkraut foods and BC risk in Polish-born migrants to US. Methods: We conducted a case–control study of BC among Polish-born migrants in Cook County and the Detroit Metropolitan Area. Cases (n = 131) were 20–79 years old with histological/cytological confirmation of invasive BC. Population-based controls (n = 284) were frequency matched to cases on age and residence. Food frequency questionnaires assessed diet during adulthood and age 12–13 years. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated with conditional logistic regression. Consumption of total, raw/short-cooked, and long-cooked cabbage/sauerkraut foods was categorized as low, medium, or high (frequency of servings/week). Results: Higher consumption of total and raw/short-cooked cabbage/sauerkraut foods, during both adolescence and adulthood, was associated with a significantly lower BC risk. Consumption of long-cooked cabbage/sauerkraut foods was low and not significantly associated with risk. The multivariate OR for total cabbage/sauerkraut consumption, high vs. low (> 4 vs. ≤ 2 servings/week) during adolescence was 0.36 (95% CI = 0.18–0.71, ptrend < 0.01) and 0.50 (95% CI = 0.23–1.06, ptrend = 0.08) during adulthood. For raw/short-cooked cabbage/sauerkraut (>3 vs. ≤1.5 servings/week), the ORs were 0.35 (95% CI = 0.16–0.72, ptrend < 0.01) during adolescence and 0.37 (95% CI = 0.17–0.78, ptrend < 0.01) during adulthood. For joint adolescent/adult consumption of raw/short-cooked cabbage/sauerkraut foods, (high, high) vs. (low, low), the OR was 0.23 (95% CI = 0.07–0.65). The significant association for high adolescent consumption of raw/short-cooked cabbage/sauerkraut foods and reduced BC risk was consistent across all levels of consumption in adulthood. Conclusion: Greater consumption of total and raw/short-cooked cabbage/sauerkraut foods either during adolescence or adulthood was associated with significantly reduced BC risk among Polish migrant women. These findings contribute to the growing literature suggesting a protective effect of a potentially modifiable factor, cruciferous vegetable intake, on breast cancer risk.

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Toward robust mammography-based models for breast cancer risk

Science Translational Medicine ◽

10.1126/scitranslmed.aba4373 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (578) ◽

pp. eaba4373 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Adam Yala ◽

Peter G. Mikhael ◽

Fredrik Strand ◽

Gigin Lin ◽

Kevin Smith ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Deep Learning ◽

High Risk ◽

Breast Cancer Risk ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Massachusetts General Hospital ◽

The United States ◽

University Hospital ◽

Chang Gung Memorial Hospital ◽

Risk Models

Improved breast cancer risk models enable targeted screening strategies that achieve earlier detection and less screening harm than existing guidelines. To bring deep learning risk models to clinical practice, we need to further refine their accuracy, validate them across diverse populations, and demonstrate their potential to improve clinical workflows. We developed Mirai, a mammography-based deep learning model designed to predict risk at multiple timepoints, leverage potentially missing risk factor information, and produce predictions that are consistent across mammography machines. Mirai was trained on a large dataset from Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) in the United States and tested on held-out test sets from MGH, Karolinska University Hospital in Sweden, and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (CGMH) in Taiwan, obtaining C-indices of 0.76 (95% confidence interval, 0.74 to 0.80), 0.81 (0.79 to 0.82), and 0.79 (0.79 to 0.83), respectively. Mirai obtained significantly higher 5-year ROC AUCs than the Tyrer-Cuzick model (P < 0.001) and prior deep learning models Hybrid DL (P < 0.001) and Image-Only DL (P < 0.001), trained on the same dataset. Mirai more accurately identified high-risk patients than prior methods across all datasets. On the MGH test set, 41.5% (34.4 to 48.5) of patients who would develop cancer within 5 years were identified as high risk, compared with 36.1% (29.1 to 42.9) by Hybrid DL (P = 0.02) and 22.9% (15.9 to 29.6) by the Tyrer-Cuzick model (P < 0.001).

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Breast Cancer and the Politics of Abortion in the United States

Medical History ◽

10.1017/s0025727300009145 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 49 (4) ◽

pp. 423-444 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Patricia Jasen

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

United States ◽

Breast Cancer Risk ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Medical Science ◽

Historical Context ◽

Reproductive Factors ◽

The United States ◽

Specific Factor ◽

The Us

Epidemiology, like any branch of medical science, functions within a social and historical context. That context influences what questions are asked, how they are investigated, and how their conclusions are interpreted, both by researchers and by the public. The international debate over whether abortion increases breast cancer risk, which has been the subject of many studies and much heated controversy in recent decades, became so intensely politicized in the United States that it serves as a particularly stark illustration of how elusive the quest for scientific certainty can be. Although a growing interest in reproductive factors and breast cancer risk developed after the Second World War, it was not until the early 1980s, after induced abortion had been legalized in many countries, that studies began to focus on this specific factor. In the US these were the years following Roe v Wade, when anti-abortionists mounted their counterattack and pro-choice forces were on the defensive. As a result, epidemiologists found themselves at the centre of a debate which had come to symbolize a deepening divide in American culture. This paper traces the history of the scientific investigation of the alleged abortion-breast cancer link, against the backdrop of what was increasingly termed an “epidemic” of breast cancer in the US. That history, in turn, is closely intertwined with the anti-abortion movement's efforts, following the violence of the early 1990s, to regain respectability through changing its tactics and rhetoric, which included the adoption of the “ABC link” as part of its new “women-centred” strategy.

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Anthropometric Measures and Breast Cancer Risk among Hispanic Women in Puerto Rico

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1021850/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Farah A Ramírez-Marrero ◽

Cruz Maria Nazario ◽

Rosa V Rosario-Rosado ◽

Michelle Schelske-Santos ◽

Imar Mansilla-Rivera ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Puerto Rico ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Breast Cancer Risk ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Hispanic Women ◽

Postmenopausal Breast Cancer ◽

The United States ◽

Anthropometric Measures ◽

Lower Odds

Abstract While there is consistent evidence of increased risk of postmenopausal breast cancer associated with higher body mass index (BMI), higher adult weight gain and higher waist circumference in North American and European populations, there is little evidence for Hispanic women. Among Hispanic women in Puerto Rico (PR), breast cancer is the leading type of cancer, and leading cause of cancer related deaths. However, compared with the United States, breast cancer rates are lower but increasing more rapidly. Purpose: To determine associations between anthropometric characteristics and breast cancer risk in Hispanic women in PR. Methods: Data from a population-based case control study in the San Juan metropolitan region was used to examine associations between anthropometric measures and breast cancer risk, also considering menopausal status and hormone therapy (HT). Results: Among premenopausal women, BMI equal or higher than 25 kg/m2 and waist to height ratio (WHtR) of 0.53 or higher were associated with lower odds of breast cancer. For postmenopausal breast cancer, waist circumference of 86.4 cm or higher, WHtR of 0.57 or higher, waist to hip ratio of 0.84 or greater, and height of 150 cm or taller were associated with lower odds of breast cancer. Conclusion: Our study provides evidence that associations of risk with anthropometry may differ for Hispanic women. Future studies should include measures of fat and lean mass distribution to further understand anthropometric measures and breast cancer risk among Hispanic women.

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Breast cancer risk factors in Finland and the United States

European Journal of Cancer and Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1016/0277-5379(87)90704-8 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 23 (11) ◽

pp. 1794-1795 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

D.P. Rose ◽

K. Laakso ◽

E.L. Wynder ◽

K. Kettunen

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

United States ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Breast Cancer Risk ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

The United States ◽

Cancer Risk Factors ◽

Breast Cancer Risk Factors

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Decision Making in the Context of Breast Cancer Chemoprevention: Patient Perceptions and the Meaning of Risk

American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book ◽

10.14694/edbook_am.2015.35.e59 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. e59-e64 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Christine Holmberg

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Decision Making ◽

At Risk ◽

Breast Cancer Risk ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Risk Reduction ◽

Signs And Symptoms ◽

The United States ◽

Cancer Drug ◽

Trade Offs

Chemoprevention with selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) is considered one of the most promising risk reduction options to date in the United States. Tamoxifen and raloxifene are both approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for breast cancer risk reduction. However, despite endorsement from the American Society for Clinical Oncology and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, uptake remains low. Decision aids have been successful in improving women's understanding and knowledge about the risk–benefit trade-offs in decision making regarding SERMs. However, increased knowledge does not lead to increased uptake of chemoprevention for the purpose of reducing breast cancer risk; instead, women become more reluctant to take medication that is itself associated with risks. Reasons for this include a lack of awareness that SERMs are effective in reducing breast cancer risk, an unwillingness to increase the risk of other disease, reluctance to take a daily medication, and the perception of tamoxifen as a “cancer drug.” In studies on hypothetical decision making in the context of chemoprevention women indicate greater willingness to take a SERM when they are determined to be at risk. These findings suggest a differential understanding of what risk means among the general public, health professionals, and researchers. Feeling at risk is related to bodily signs and symptoms and not to population-derived probabilities. Such differential understanding may in part explain women's perception of the low efficacy of SERMs and their decision making regarding SERM use.

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