scholarly journals The Management of Tree Root Systems in Urban and Suburban Settings II: A Review of Strategies to Mitigate Human Impacts

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Watson ◽  
Angela Hewitt ◽  
Melissa Custic ◽  
Marvin Lo
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Sewer Pipe ◽  
Root Space ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
Tree Health ◽  
Urban Tree ◽  
Decay Development

Root systems of nearly all trees in the built environment are subject to impacts of human activities that can affect tree health and reduce longevity. These influences are present from early stages of nursery development and throughout the life of the tree. Reduced root systems from root loss or constriction can reduce stability and increase stress. Natural infection of urban tree roots after severing has not been shown to lead to extensive decay development. Roots often conflict with infrastructure in urban areas because of proximity. Strategies to provide root space under pavements and to reduce pavement heaving have been developed, but strategies for prevention of foundation and sewer pipe damage are limited to increasing separation or improved construction.

scholarly journals Morphological aspects of fruits, seeds, seedlings and in vivo and in vitro germination of species of the genus Cleome

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 326-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Carvalho de Castro ◽  
Claudia Simões-Gurgel ◽  
Ivan Gonçalves Ribeiro ◽  
Marsen Garcia Pinto Coelho ◽  
Norma Albarello
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
In Vitro Germination ◽  
Morphological Aspects ◽  
Physiological Dormancy ◽  
Cleome Spinosa ◽  
The Tropics

The genus Cleome is widely distributed in drier areas of the tropics and subtropics. Cleome dendroides and C. rosea are Brazilian native species that occur mainly in Atlantic Forest and sandy coastal plains, respectively ecosystems negatively affected by human impacts. Cleome spinosa is frequently found in urban areas. Many Cleome species have been used in traditional medicine, as C. spinosa. In the present work, was investigated C. dendroides, C. rosea and C. spinosa germinative behavior under in vivo conditions, as well as was established suitable conditions to in vitro germination and seedling development. The in vivo germination was performed evaluating the influence of temperature, substrate and light. It was observed that only C. spinosa seeds presents physiological dormancy, which was overcome by using alternate temperatures. The substrate influenced significantly the germination of C. rosea and the seeds of C. dendroides showed the highest germination percentages in the different conditions evaluated. The post-seminal development stages under in vivo and in vitro conditions were defined. It was observed that the development was faster under in vitro than in vivo conditions. An effective methodology for in vitro germination, enabling the providing of material to experiment on plant tissue culture was established to C. dendroides and C. spinosa.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence in Tamil Nadu through India's two COVID waves: Evidence on antibody decline following infection and vaccination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. Selvavinayagam ◽  
Anavarathan Somasundaram ◽  
Jerard Maria Selvam ◽  
Sabareesh Ramachandran ◽  
Sampath P. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
State Level ◽  
Elderly Age ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Serological Studies ◽  
Tamil Nadu State ◽  
Antibody Decline

Three rounds of population-representative serological studies through India's two COVID waves (round 1, 19 October-30 November 2020; round 2, 7-30 April 2021; and round 3, 28 June-7 July, 2021) were conducted at the district-level in Tamil Nadu state (population 72 million). State-level seroprevalence in rounds 1, 2 and 3 were 31.5%, 22.9%, and 67.1%. Estimated seroprevalence implies that at least 22.6 and 48.1 million persons were infected by the 30 November 2020 and 7 July 2021. There was substantial variation across districts in the state in each round. Seroprevalence ranged from 11.1 to 49.8% (round 1), 7.9 to 50.3% (round 2), and 37.8 to 84% (round 3). Seroprevalence in urban areas was higher than in rural areas (35.7 v. 25.7% in round 1, 74.8% v. 64.1% in round 3). Females had similar seroprevalence to males (30.8 v. 30.2% in round 1, 67.5 v. 65.5% in round 3). While working age populations (age 40-49: 31.6%) had significantly higher seroprevalence than the youth (age 18-29: 30.4%) or elderly (age 70+: 26.5%) in round 1, only the gap between working age (age 40-49: 66.7%) and elderly (age 70+: 59.6%) remained significant in round 3. Seroprevalence was greater among those who were vaccinated for COVID (25.7% v. 20.9% in round 2, 80.0% v. 62.3% in round 3). While the decline in seroprevalence from rounds 1 to 2 suggests antibody decline after natural infection, we do not find a significant decline in antibodies among those receiving at least 1 dose of COVID vaccine between rounds 2 and 3.

scholarly journals Effects of Drought on the Phenology, Growth, and Morphological Development of Three Urban Tree Species and Cultivars

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 5117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stratópoulos ◽  
Zhang ◽  
Häberle ◽  
Pauleit ◽  
Duthweiler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Selection Criterion ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Root:Shoot Ratio ◽  
Exclusion Experiment ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation

: Under changing climatic conditions, drought may become a critical constraint for trees in urban areas, particularly at roadsides and highly paved squares. As healthy urban trees have proven to be an important mitigation and adaptation tool for climate change as well as a significant provider of ecosystem services, there is a need for planting species and cultivars capable of coping with the limited water supply. However, data on species’ and cultivars’ response to drought, particularly their water supplying root systems remains rare. To consider the whole plant responses to drought situations, we studied the growth and phenology of three frequently planted tree species and cultivars with a diameter of 5–6 cm during a one-year rainfall exclusion experiment conducted in a nursery field as well as the dry biomass of the compartments branch, stem, and root after excavation. Our results revealed that species’ and cultivars’ performance were linked to their within-plant carbon partitioning. A high tolerance to drought was noted for Acer campestre, with a particularly high ratio of root:shoot ratio, which made it presumably less susceptible to droughts. Tilia cordata ‘Greenspire’ was highly affected by the reduced water availability visible through prematurely leaf senescence, while Carpinus betulus ‘Fastigiata’ suffered from losing a considerable part of its root biomass, which resulted in the lowest root:shoot ratio of all species and cultivars. This study demonstrated the need for investigating the reaction patterns of species and cultivars by considering both the above-and the below-ground plant parts. We recommend that, for future tree plantings at harsh and challenging urban sites, an important selection criterion should be species’ and cultivars’ capability to develop and retain strong and dense root systems even under limited water supply, as that is believed to be an important trait for drought tolerance.

scholarly journals Soil organic matter rather than ectomycorrhizal diversity is related to urban tree health

PLoS ONE ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. e0225714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maarten Van Geel ◽  
Kang Yu ◽  
Gerrit Peeters ◽  
Kasper van Acker ◽  
Miguel Ramos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Tree Health ◽  
Urban Tree ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Diversity

scholarly journals Foliar optical traits indicate that sealed planting conditions negatively affect urban tree health

2018 ◽  
Vol 95 ◽  
pp. 895-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kang Yu ◽  
Maarten Van Geel ◽  
Tobias Ceulemans ◽  
Willem Geerts ◽  
Miguel Marcos Ramos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Health ◽  
Urban Tree

scholarly journals Long-Term Validation and Governance Role in Contemporary Urban Tree Monitoring: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 5589
Author(s):  
Blaz Klobucar ◽  
Johan Östberg ◽  
Märit Jansson ◽  
Thomas Barfoed Randrup
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sampling Design ◽  
Lateral Approach ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Governance Arrangement ◽  
Urban Tree ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Longitudinal Sampling

Urban trees provide important ecosystem services, across ownership and governance structures, and tree inventories are an important tool enabling urban foresters and green space managers to monitor and perform the sustainable management of urban trees. For optimal management of urban trees, a better understanding is needed concerning how urban tree inventories can provide long-term monitoring overviews across administrative borders, and how inventory protocols should be adapted to address specific practitioner issues. In this review, 98 articles on urban tree inventories were examined, the primary focus being sampling design. A governance arrangement approach was applied to identify the policy-making arrangements behind the inventories. Stratification is commonly used in the sampling design, despite being problematic for long-term representativeness. Only 10% of the stratification sampling designs identified were considered as having long-term validity. The studies frequently relied on an individual sampling design aimed at a particular issue, as opposed to using an existing longitudinal sampling network. Although private trees can constitute over 50% of the urban tree population, 41% of the studies reviewed did not include private trees at all. Urban tree inventories focused primarily on tree data on a local scale. Users or private tree owners are commonly not included in these studies, and limited attention is paid to economic, cultural or social factors. A long-term validation of sampling methods in urban areas, and a multi-lateral approach to tree inventories, are needed to maintain long-term operational value for local managers in securing ecosystem service provisions for entire urban forests.

scholarly journals Classification of Landforms for Digital Soil Mapping in Urban Areas Using LiDAR Data Derived Terrain Attributes: A Case Study from Berlin, Germany

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Ali Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Soil Mapping ◽  
Fuzzy Classification ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Ground Truth Data ◽  
Terrain Attributes ◽  
Lidar Dem

In this study, a knowledge-based fuzzy classification method was used to classify possible soil-landforms in urban areas based on analysis of morphometric parameters (terrain attributes) derived from digital elevation models (DEMs). A case study in the city area of Berlin was used to compare two different resolution DEMs in terms of their potential to find a specific relationship between landforms, soil types and the suitability of these DEMs for soil mapping. Almost all the topographic parameters were obtained from high-resolution light detection and ranging (LiDAR)-DEM (1 m) and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER)-DEM (30 m), which were used as thresholds for the classification of landforms in the selected study area with a total area of about 39.40 km2. The accuracy of both classifications was evaluated by comparing ground point samples as ground truth data with the classification results. The LiDAR-DEM based classification has shown promising results for classification of landforms into geomorphological (sub)categories in urban areas. This is indicated by an acceptable overall accuracy of 93%. While the classification based on ASTER-DEM showed an accuracy of 70%. The coarser ASTER-DEM based classification requires additional and more detailed information directly related to soil-forming factors to extract geomorphological parameters. The importance of using LiDAR-DEM classification was particularly evident when classifying landforms that have narrow spatial extent such as embankments and channel banks or when determining the general accuracy of landform boundaries such as crests and flat lands. However, this LiDAR-DEM classification has shown that there are categories of landforms that received a large proportion of the misclassifications such as terraced land and steep embankments in other parts of the study area due to the increased distance from the major rivers and the complex nature of these landforms. In contrast, the results of the ASTER-DEM based classification have shown that the ASTER-DEM cannot deal with small-scale spatial variation of soil and landforms due to the increasing human impacts on landscapes in urban areas. The application of the approach used to extract terrain parameters from the LiDAR-DEM and their use in classification of landforms has shown that it can support soil surveys that require a lot of time and resources for traditional soil mapping.

URBAN TREE HEALTH IN BUDAPEST

1999 ◽  
pp. 183-188
Author(s):  
G. Schmidt ◽  
K. Kerenyine-Nemstothy
Keyword(s):  
Tree Health ◽  
Urban Tree

scholarly journals Occurrence of synanthropic triatomines (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in the Federal District of Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maicon Hitoshi Maeda ◽  
Monique Britto Knox ◽  
Rodrigo Gurgel-Gonçalves
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Health State ◽  
Entomological Surveillance ◽  
Panstrongylus Megistus ◽  
Triatomine Species

INTRODUCTION: Entomological surveillance of Chagas disease in the Federal District of Brazil (DF), has recorded the following triatomine species: Panstrongylus megistus, P. geniculatus, P. diasi, Rhodnius neglectus, Triatoma pseudomaculata, and T. sordida. We aimed to analyze the spatial and temporal occurrence of triatomine species collected in DF, and their indices of natural infection with trypanosomes. METHODS: The Health State Secretariat of DF recorded triatomines between 2002 and 2010 in 20 administrative regions. This retrospective analysis considered the number of adults and nymphs of each species collected and infected in both intradomicile and peridomicile. RESULTS: A total of 754 triatomines were collected in 252 reported domiciles. Panstrongylus megistus was the most frequent species (65%), followed by T. pseudomaculata (14%). Of the 309 examined insects, only 3 (1%) specimens of P. megistus were infected with flagellates morphologically similar to Trypanosoma cruzi. The spatial occurrence indicated a higher diversity of triatomines and frequency of T. sordida in rural areas. Moreover, there was a predominance of P. megistus in urban areas. The number of records of P. megistus in the rainy season was two times higher than that during the dry season. The largest number of triatomines was collected in November. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of P. megistus specimens infected with trypanosomes in domiciles, shows the potential risk of human infection in DF. Thus, it is essential to continue entomological surveillance, intensifying it in the rainy season and in regions of greater occurrence.

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